On The New Vocabulary Of Song Dynasty Based On Corpus According To <The Great Chinese Dictionary>

Song dynasty was a long period in Chinese history, in which Chinese words, on one hand developed due to the impetus of the inner pattern of linguistics, on the other varied because of the influences of the social developments. Through the comprehensive description of the new words emerged in Song dynasty, we tried to show the developments and variations of words in this period, thus presented the general picture of the new words of Song dynasty.The essay includes introduction, text, summary and appendix.Introduction, we introduced the general picture of our predecessor’s study of song’s words and the methods and train of thoughts of our study. The word stock of our Song new words study is <Chinese dictionary>, the reason we used <Chinese dictionary> was elaborated in MR.Yang duanzhi’s essay:<The value of <Chinese dictionary> to the history of development and variation of Chinese words and its study method>, by which we determined new words, and based on which we build word stock of new words of Song dynasty, and thereupon we studied the new words of Song dynasty.From chapter one to thirteen is the main text of the essay.In chapter one through six, we illustrated the new word field of Song. We categorized the new words of Song according to grammar. We established marking new word field according to the meaning in each part of speech. For noun word field, we established sub word field separately in the realm of ideology, such as politics, economics, technology, entertainment, culture, furthermore, we established word field concerning human, animal, plant, human’s clothing, food and appliances, traffic means, geography according to objective existence, trying to reflect the general picture of various areas of society. In each sub word field, we targeted word family in our survey, searching and analyzing the core morpheme of each word field,so as to find the clues of word development. For example, we found that lu(dew) was used to mean wine from Song dynasty, and it has been used till now. Some wines are still called x.lu today. We sorted and analyzed each sub word field accordingly, in the comparison of dynasties before and after, we found the sole phenomenon of each dynasty or what one dynasty inherited from the former dynasty, and on which side influenced the next dynasty, in the meantime, we found the reflection of words to the society when analyzing the new words field. For example, we found that many core morphemes in the word field we studied emerged not in Song dynasty but had been existed in the previous dynasty. For instance, all core morphemes in the word family of pen had been existed before Song dynasty, such as hair, pipe, and pen. The name hair was from the brush material in making pen, pipe was from the shape of the pen. Pen is only a common name. These core morphemes were all old compared with the previous dynasty, but the words composed were new. This reflected the characteristics of Song society from another aspect. Song inherited the pen craft from the previous dynasty, the emergence of so many new words relating pen indicated that Song expanded the material of pen making and enhanced and glorified the pen craft. We also studied comprehensively the new emerged verb, adjective and function words. We analyzed morpheme with the most capability in composing new word, in the aim of finding the developing and varying traces of the active elements in the new words of Song.In chapter six, we studied the affix in the new words of Song dynasty. Prefix were comparatively less according to our survey, mainly a,lao,da suo,etc. suffix were comparatively more, mainly,ran,zi,tou,er,xiang,qu,jia,xing,de,di,zi,men,etc.In chapter seven, we studied the composing capability of morpheme, found that usually the basic morphemes were the most capable in forming a word, and rich in senses.In chapter eight, we studied the single syllable new words of song. We studied the single syllable new words found in the word stock emerged in song from many aspects, such as morphology, meaning and phonetics. We found that 22 percent of the total new words we inspected employed the old morphology, the others employed the new morphology. The pronunciations of 95 percent of the new words employed old morphology were different from the old ones. And more than 80 percent of the new words’ meaning had nothing to do with the old ones. What’s more,90 percent of their morphology were pictophonetic words from the viewpoint of philology. According to our survey, the emergence of these circumstances were due to the irrelevance of the meaning between new words and old. In many circumstances, they shared same morphology occasionally. Pictophonetic words were easier to form new words occasionally than other morphology. More than 90 percent were pictophonetic words in single syllable new words. The pronunciation of the new words mostly originated from the sound symbol when it was independent, among which the words whose sound symbol indicated both pronunciation and meaning were about 20 percent. According to our detailed study, the morphology symbol of noun usually indicated the object the words represented. Sound symbol usually indicated the nature and status of the object the words represented. As for verb, the overwhelming majority of the morphology symbols indicated the dependence and manner of the behavior the words represented. The overwhelming majority of sound symbols indicated a concrete behavior.In chapter nine to twelve, complex tone words in song dynasty was studied. We concentrated on the analysis and study of grammar and meaning. We found in our survey of more than ten thousands double tone new words that the combined structure words were 10 percent less than primary inclined structure words. And in the comparison between south and north song dynasty, the amount of primary inclined words increased. So we could see that the primary inclined structure was the dominating manner to form words. The subject predicate structural words were only 2 percent, and verb supplement word accounted for less than 1 percent. Among the collocation of various morphological morpheme, collocation between noun morpheme and noun morpheme accounted for 27 percent, the largest amount. Next was verb morpheme and verb morpheme, accounted for 24 percent, and the third was the collocation between verb morpheme and noun morpheme, the amount of words collocated between adjective morpheme and adjective morpheme were about the same as the amount between adjective morpheme and noun morpheme. Generally speaking, it was easy to collocate new words for the same morphological morpheme. And between different morphological morpheme, verb morpheme and noun morpheme were easy to collocate.In chapter thirteen, we discussed the development manner of the meaning of compound words and the disappearance manner of morphology in Song dynasty. The development of the meaning of compound words were far more complicated than the simple words. Because part of the development meaning in compound words were pushed by the development of morpheme meaning formed the words. We studied the different potential mechanism of how different structural compound words morpheme pushed the development of word meaning, and compared the development meaning and original meaning, so as to inspect the variation of word forming morpheme in the mechanism.In summary, we made a summation of the phenomena found in our study.The final part are appendix, there are three:firstly, new vocabulary in each chapter, secondly, the chronological table of song’s author and their works, thirdly, adding and correcting the quoted illustrations of some entries in <Chinese dictionary>.This essay has several new ideas:Number one, we established the new word field of Song dynasty, which cound represent an era, through which we can distinguish the words from the previous dynasty.Number two, we found that some word fields were composed of same word family when we established new word field. We call the morpheme collectively possessed by same word family in word field core morpheme. Through the study of the meaning of core morpheme, we could find historical changes of some morpheme. Meanwhile, as core morpheme, word forming morpheme and word building morpheme, the meaning of a morpheme sometimes differentiated.Number three, we analyzed comprehensively the grammar and meaning of more than ten thousand double syllable compound new words found in the word stock, thus unfolded the general picture of its grammar and meaning when words developed into Song dynasty.