| Aphrophora costalis(ACM)belongs to Hemiptera Aphrophridae,which mainly endangers willows,as well as garden trees such as poplar,elm.In recent years,many willow trees have been infested by ACM which seriously affected the growth and development of willow and the greening construction of cities.For the prevention and cure of ACM,the use of natural enemies and physical control were not effective insecticidal methods,thus chemical control was still in use.It was urgent to explore eco-friendly,economical,and efficient prevention-control technologies.From the perspective of chemical ecology,the effects of vision and smell on host selection and the effects of plant volatiles on the selection behavior of ACM were studied.The volatile components and appropriate concentration that have significant attraction effect on the ACM were screened.The research was to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the monitoring and ecological control of ACM.The main research results are as follows:1.The visual preference of insects for color was green.The obvious selection rate of green was 67%,and the selection rate for the other three colors were 9%of black,16%of white,and 9%of yellow.The selection of ACM for green was higher than the other three colors,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).2.Through the olfactory selection test of host Salix matsudana and simulated willow,The selection rate of the insect to the host willow was 77%,which was higher than that to the simulated willow by 23%,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);Through the antenna cutting test,the selection rate of the control(untreated)to the host Salix matsudana was 63%,and the selection rate of cutting off one antenna was 55%,which showed no significant difference(P>0.05);Compare The selection rate of the both with cutting off two antennae was 20%,and there was significant difference(P<0.05).It showed that one antenna performed positioning function,two antennae enhanced the positioning function.It was further confirmed that olfaction played an important role in host selection and location of the ACM.3.Scanning Electron Microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of the antennae of adult of ACM,it was found that the Sensilla on the antennae of female and male were same.But the sensilla on the antennae were different in quantity and distribution,in which the sensilla on the antennae of female were more and distributed more widely.4.Through dynamic headspace sampling and GC-MS were used for analysis and determination.In the host plant,thirty-seven compounds were isolated from the volatile of Salix Matsudana,and the relative contents of Camphene,in which Butyl acetate and Benzaldehyde,etc were high;Thirty-three compounds were isolated from the volatile of Salix Babylonica,in which the relative contents of Cis-3-hexenol,hexanol and Cis-3-hexenyl Acetate,etc are higher;The relatively high contents of compounds in Populus Simonii were Heptanol,Benzyl alcohol and Camphene,etc;The relatively high contents of the compounds in Ulmus Pumila were Diisobutyl phthalateb,decanal,Nonanal,etc.In the non-host plants,the compounds with high content of Fraxinus chinensis were Nonanal,Benzothiazole,Benzaldehyde etc;The contents of 2-Chloropropene,?-Muurolene and ?-Pinene were the highest in Pinus Sylvestris Var.Mongolica.Finally,the following 23 volatiles were selected for subsequent Electroantennogram test.Among them,there were 12 host plant specific volatiles:1-pentanol,n-Hexanol,trans-2-Hexena,Ocimene,Eugenol,cis-3-Hexen-l-ol,Benzyl Alcohol,Salicylicacid,Hexyl acetate,Sodium salicylate,Propyl propionate,Ethyl butyrate,?Pinene,Cinene,Hexanal,Benzaldehyde,Furfural,Butyl acetate,Caryophyllene,?-Pinene,Nonanal,Butyl alcohol,Camphene.5.The Electroantennogram(EAG)responses of ACM were measured with 23 standard specimens and 4 concentration gradients,it was found that ACM reacted to 23 standard samples.Among them,the highest reaction value were Pentanol,Hexanal and Butyl acetate;The reaction comes senond value were Trans-2-Hexenal,Propyl propionate,Benzaldehyde,Caryophyllene,Camphenein.The EAG of ACM was almost the same as the change of the concentration,with the increase of the concentration,the relative value of the EAG was also enlarge;small part showed a downward trend after reaching the highest value.There was no significant difference in the EAG responses among adult of the mated female(I),the unmated female(?)and the unmated Male(?),for example,taking pentanol as an example,paired Ttest are:(???)=0.95?(???)=0.58?(???)=0.62(P>0.05).6.17 kinds of volatile monomers were selected according to the reaction intensity of EAG,and mixed into different concentrations,it was found that the adults of ACM were most sensitive to Benzaldehyde(stock solution),Butyl acetate(diluted 100 times solution),caryophyllene(diluted 10 times solution),hexyl Acetate(diluted 10 times solution),Propyl propionate(stock solution)and Ethyl butyrate(diluted 10 times solution).7.Combined with olfactory behavior test,field experiment was carried out with 10 kinds of volatile matter monomers at specific concentrations.Compared with the control,all the 10 kinds of volatile monomers had good trapping effect on the ACM,for example,when Amyl alcohol stock solution traps 29 number of insects a week,CK traps only 1.67 number of insects a week,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).Pentanol stock solution,Butyl acetate diluted 100 times solution and Benzaldehyde stock solution had the best trapping effect on the adults of ACM.The trapping effects of the other seven volatiles from high to low were as follows:Camphene diluted 10 times solution,Caryophyllene diluted 10 times solution,Propyl propionate stock solution,Ethyl butyrate 10 times solution,Ethyl acetate 10 times solution,Benzyl alcohol 10 times solution and Trans 2-hexenal stock solution.The best time for trapping adults of ACM in the field was determined to be August.In conclusion,the specific volatiles released by the host plant and their specific concentration ratio wew the main selection basis for identifying and locating the host plant,and this localization mode played a leading role in the host localization process of ACM.The Amyl alcohol stock solution,Butyl acetate diluted 100 times solution and Benzaldehyde stock solution were suitable for field trapping and pest monitoring of adults of ACM. |
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