| The leafhopper tribe Mukariini(Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellida:Deltocephalinae)is a small group of subfamily Deltocephalinae.By the end of 2017,Mukariini has been reported 69 species in 19 genera around the world and 25 species in 12 genera from China.Species belonged to this tribe are specialized in feeding on bamboos,many of which have become important pests of bamboos.However,there are still many problems in the taxonomy of this group,such as the field investigation is not deep enough,the species description is not comprehensive,and without comprehensive phylogenetic research.Considering these problems and inefficiency,this thesis carried out a systematically taxonomy study on Mukariini.The research contents and results are as follows:1.TaxonomyThere were 97 species of 24 genera of Mukariini recorded,including 5 new genera and 28 new species;three genera and four species were first reported from China,two subgenera were raised to genera;some genera were reviewed and the male genitalia of Agrica arisana(Matsumura,1914)was described for the first time;five new combinations were proposed.(1)Five new genera were established.Beitunia gen.nov.;Guandiania gen.nov.;Lishia gen.nov.;Neomukaria gen.nov.;Pseudomukaria gen.nov..(2)Twenty-eight new species were described and illustrated.Agrica bisubula Luo,Yang & Chen,2018(previously published);Agrica longispina Luo,Yang & Chen,2018(previously published);Agrica caudospina sp.nov.;Buloria acuta sp.nov.;Buloria falcata sp.nov.;Buloria huabania sp.nov.;Beitunia spinosa sp.nov.;Benglebra bipatcha sp.nov.;Benglebra biflaka Luo & Chen,2019(previously published);Benglebra curvata Luo & Chen,2019(previously published);Benglebra hamulate sp.nov.;Benglebra longipennis sp.nov.;Benglebra maximua sp.nov.;Benglebra pulchra sp.nov.;Benglebra tubercula sp.nov.;Guandiania aurelia sp.nov.;Lishia rubicunda sp.nov.;Mohunia lampria sp.nov.;Mukaria creagra sp.nov.;Mukaria furcata sp.nov.;Mukaria parvitas sp.nov.;Mukaria striola sp.nov.;Mukariella bifurcate sp.nov.;Myittana trispina sp.nov.;Neomukaria tenuia sp.nov.;Neomohunia longispina Luo,Yang & Chen,2018(previously published);Neomohunia sinuatipenis Luo,Yang & Chen,2018(previously published);Pseudomukaria spatula sp.nov..(3)Three genera and four species were recorded from China for the first time.New record genera: Aalinga Viraktamath & Webb,2019,rec.nov.;Buloria Distant,1908,rec.nov.;Myittana Distant,1908,rec.nov.;New record species: Aalinga brunoflava Viraktamath & Webb,2019 rec.nov.(Previously distributed in India);Buloria gyponinoides Distant,1908 rec.nov.(Previously distributed in India);Mukaria splendida Distant,1908 rec.nov.(Previously distributed in India);Scaphotettix pectinatus Dai & Zhang,2009 rec.nov.(Previously distributed in Sri Lanka and Vietnam).(4)Some genera were revised.A revised study was carried out on Agrica strand,1942,Mukaria distant,1908,Mohunia distance,1908 and Tiaobeinia Chen & Yang,2008;two subgenus was raised to genus status: Benglebra Mahmood & Ahmed,1969;stat.nov.and Savasa Viraktamath & Webb,2019,stat.nov..Five new combinations were proposed: Beitunia emeiensis(Chen & Yang,2008),comb.nov.;Guandiania testacea(Chen,Liang & Li,2009)comb.nov.;Mukariella pallipes(Li & Chen,1999),comb.nov.;Benglebra ventrospina(Chen & Yang,2007)(previously published).;Neomukaria yanheensis(Chen,Yang & Li,2012)comb.nov..2.Phylogenetic analysis based on 28 S r DNA sequenceUsing IQtree v1.6.1 and Mr Bayes(3.2.6)software,based on 28 s r DNA(D2-D3)+ 28 s r DNA(D9-D10)gene sequence,phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the order of the tribe of Deltocephalinae(including 18 genera of Mukariini),the results show that: 1)Current Mukariini is a paraphyly;2)All genera in Mukariini can be further divided into three complex: Mukaria complex,Mohunia complex and Neomohunia complex;3)The evolutionary position of each complex in Mukariini was preliminarily determined: The Mukaria complex is one of the most evolved group in Deltocephalinae,and the Mohunia complex and Neomohunia complex are also relatively evolved.3.Phylogenetic analysis based on morphological charactersPhylogeny study was conducted with data matrix with 89 morphological characters from 51 species of 23 genera in tribe Mukariini.Phylogenetic trees were constructed,including three maximum parsimony trees and one strict consensus tree.Several conclusions were demonstrated: 1)The phylogenetic relationships among the genera in Mukariini has been preliminarily explained;2)The genus status of Buloria was challenged;3)The position of new genera and species is supported by phylogenetic results.4.Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S r DNA sequenceUsing iqtree v1.6.1 and mrbayes(3.2.6)software,based on 16 S r DNA gene sequence,phylogenetic analysis was carried out on each complex of Mukariini,the results show that: 1)Monophyletic was briefly approved in each complex,based on the phylogenetic analysis of morphological characteristics and molecular data,the synapomorphy of three complex were summarized;2)The conjecture about the species(one-gonopore and two-gonopore)in Mukaria has been verified,these one-gonopore species should belong to four different genera;3)The genus status of Buloria was challenged;4)The monophyletic of the genus Benglebra has been questioned;5)The taxonomic status of Agrica should be further verified;6)Classification status of new genus and new species are supported by molecular data.5.Molecular verification of some related genera based on COI sequenceCombined with morphological characteristics,based on COI gene sequence,from the perspective of genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis,it is further shown that the relationship between Mukaria and Buloria is very close,which should be combined into one genus.At the same time,the genus level status of Mukariella,Neomukaria and Guandiania have been further supported by the molecular data.6.Biogeography studyBased on the geographic distribution database of museum specimens and published literature,the diversity and distribution of Mukariini in the zoogeographic realms of China and the world was studied using the GIS method.the results show that:1)Among the existing 97 species of 24 genera in Mukariini,the endemic genera(58.3%)and endemic species(87.6%)are very abundant;2)Mukariini species are mainly distribute in Oriental realm,and a few genera and species could disperse to Palearctic realm and Australian realm;in the zoogeographical regions of China,central China region has the most abundant genera and species,the south of Yunnan and the east of Guizhou of Oriental realm are the diversity center;3)The distribution diagram of genus level elements is provided;4)Combined with the geological plate movement and the origin and distribution pattern of bamboos,Mukariini probably originated from Gondwana during Tertiary,then disperse to Oriental realm through the land passage of Ethiopian realm and Oriental realm in the Tertiary(11.2-5.3 Ma)period,and the species of the Palearctic realm and Australian realm came from the Oriental realm. |
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