| Opisthopappus taihangensis Shih(O.taihangensis),endemic to China,has a closer relationship with Chrysanthemum and Ajania.The efficacy of O.taihangensis as tea or medicine is superior to Relatives genera traditional medicine Dendranthema indicum(D.indicum)reflected by people in place of origin.D.indicum colud scatter wind hot,clear liver,bright eye and detoxify efficacy narrated by Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid and flavonoids are the main active ingredient of D.indicum.Phenolic compounds can enhance resistibility and immunity,and then reduce the risk of inflammation,cardiovascular disease,diabetes,and age-related chronic diseases,and therefore attracted special attention in recent years.To provide further evidence for rational use of O.taihangensis,the contents of phenolic compounds and the assessment of antioxidant activity at different growth stage in different organs of O.taihangensis and its Relatives genera D.indicum had been conductedThe main contributions are as follows:(1)A simple,accurate and stable high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method for simultaneous separation and determination of five phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid,luteolin,rutin,quercetin,and apigenin in different organs of O.taihangensis and Relatives genera D.indicum was conducted.Results demonstrated that performance characteristics of precision,reproducibility,stability,and recovery of this HPLC method fulfill the analysis requirements.It was found that total content of five phenolic compounds in leaves of O.taihangensis was higher than that in flowers and stems,and also higher than that of corresponding organs of D.indicum.Among them,chlorogenic acid content was high,followed by rutin and quercetin,luteolin and apigenin content was lowest.Moreover,comparative study for the content of five phenolic compounds was conducted by soxhlet,ultrasonic,and water bath extraction.It was clear that their contents from these three extractions were close,but that from water-bath extraction was slightly higher and more stable than the two others.Five phenolic compounds in different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum at different growth stages were measured by above developed HPLC method.Results indicated that total content of five compounds in different parts of O.taihangensis was higher than that in D.indicum.Moreover,five compounds content first increase and then decrease during growth stages of O.taihangensis and D.indicum and show a single peak change,the content was highest at June 9th and subsequently decreased,and subsequently slightly elevated at the flowering period and then decreased continually.(2)Antioxidant activity evaluation and total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 70%alcohol extract from different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum during growth was measured.Correlation coefficients were calculated in order to characterize the relationship between antioxidant capacities and total phenolics and flavonoids contents.It was found that the the extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum at different growth stages possessed some antioxidant activities.The extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis show the stronger antioxidant activities,and the higher UV-vis absorbance values and the higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents than that of D.indicum.Moreover,antioxidant capacity is significantly correlated with total phenolic and total flavanoid contents,and corresponding UV-vis absorbance values.Significant correlations were found between ABTS and DPPH assays.The change trend of antioxidant activities,and UV-vis absorbance values and total flavonoid and phenolic contents of extract from different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum is consistent throughout the growth cycle.There are the highes values at June 9th and subsequently decreased,and then slightly elevated at the flowering period and then decreased continually.(3)Antioxidant activity evaluation,the corresponding UV-vis spectra,and the contents of total flavonoid and phenolic contents,five phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid,rutin,quercetin,luteolin,and apigenin contents of aqueous extracts from O.taihangensis and D.indicum were measured.It was found that aqueous extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum possessed some antioxidant activities,related with the extraction concentrations,temperatures and times.Antioxidant activities of leaves and flowers of O.taihangensis,and the flower of D.indicum was prominent,and the activities of aqueous extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis also higher than that of corresponding organs of D.indicum,consistent with their corresponding UV-vis absorption values and the total flavonoids and polyphenols contents.Total content of five phenolic compounds in leaves of O.taihangensis was higher than that in flowers and stems,and also higher than that of corresponding organs of D.indicum.In addition,the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts at 90? 20 min was distinguished,it was demonstrated that the tradition of drinking chrysanthemum tea brewed with boiling water in China has some basis(4)To evaluate the comparability of O.taihangensis and D.indicum,alcoholic extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum were analyzed for their antioxidant capacities,the corresponding UV-vis spectra,and the five phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid,rutin,quercetin,luteolin,and apigenin contents.Correlation coefficients were calculated in order to characterize the relationship between antioxidant capacities and total phenolics and flavonoids contents.Results show that alcohol extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis and D.indicum exhibit antioxidant activities related with the extraction temperatures and dosage.Alcohol extracts from different organs of O.taihangensis show the stronger antioxidant activities,and the higher UV-vis absorbance values and the higher total flavonoid and phenolic,five phenolic compounds contents than that of D.indicum.Moreover,a high positive relationship was found between antioxidant capacity,total flavonoid and total phenolics content of chrysanthemums,and there is a significant relationship in the evaluation methods of antioxidant capacity.(5)To evaluate the comparability of O.taihangensis,D.indicum,Huai chrysanthemum,Hangzhou white chrysanthemum and Trubite chrysanthemum commercially available,their antioxidant capacities and corresponding UV-vis spectra of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of five kinds of chrysanthemums were analyzed.It was found that aqueous and alcohol extracts from above five kinds of chrysanthemums exhibit antioxidant activities related with dosage.Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of O.taihangensis and Huai chrysanthemum show the stronger antioxidant activities and the higher UV-vis absorbance values than those of others.Although in vitro antioxidant activity does not truly reflect that in vivo,but compared to three varieties of chrysanthemum used in traditional medicine,health-promoting and medicinal properties of O.taihangensis should be concerned. |
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