| Hakka people are widely distributed in nearly ten provinces in southern China.Their traditional villages and dwellings are of a great number with rich types and distinctive features,making themselves an important aspect in the field of Chinese dwellings.The border area of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong is the main concentration area of the Hakkas.The traditional Hakka villages and dwellings in these adjacent areas have both similarities and obvious differences,which is a special and common phenomenon of trans-regional distribution of homologous culture.Because of the special location of the Hakka people,the research on its village residential culture is easily limited to the administrative area,leading to scattered and independent research lacking the vision of integration and induction.On the other hand,due to the unique characteristics of Hakka classic dwellings,such as Weilongwu and Weiwu,the research focuses too much on the classical types and lacks attention to other marginal cultures.As for the differences or commonalities of the village residential culture within the Hakkas,how these differences are formed,and what role the geographical factors or cultural factors play in the development of the village residential culture,we need to put our vision into the overall environment of the border of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong,and conduct an overall investigation and induction from the core to the edge area.Only in this way can we fully grasp the cultural differences of the traditional Hakka villages and dwellings in the geographical space,and further explore the reasons for this regional differentiation.In order to solve the problem of regional differences in large-scale geographical space,we learn from the method of cultural geography,which places all kinds of cultural landscape phenomena in the geographical for intuitive observation,and comprehensively explains the cultural landscape phenomenon through the superposition of various elements in the same geographical space.The perspective of horizontal spatial comparison and vertical factor analysis is integrated into the research framework of traditional Hakka villages and dwellings.Therefore,this study first carries out a comprehensive survey of traditional villages and dwellings in the Hakka areas of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong,and re-summarizes the morphotype system,distribution pattern and development law of traditional villages and dwellings in the Hakka area from a global perspective.On this basis,the spatial division of village cultural landscape in Hakka area is carried out,and the regional characteristics are elaborated.Furthermore,the study puts the traditional village landscape of Hakka area in the process of dynamic historical development,and explains the formation mechanism of regional differences of Hakka Village residential culture in combination with the geographical and historical background of regional development.In the process of the above research,the study constructs the morphotype system of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings in Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong as a whole from the plane composition logic.The Hakka vonancular dwelling types are summarized into four progressive levels: M1-basic type,M2-combined type,M3-compound type and M4-special type(enclosed houses).It also proposes that two types of development lines are formed with the basic elements of terrace and Tang-Xiang(hall and wing-room)houses.Among these 4types,the distribution of M4 – the enclosed houses,is concentrated in two areas in "the border zone between Jiangxi and Guangdong" and "the border zone between Fujian and Guangdong".The distribition in the former zone is mainly related to the ethnic factors,while in the later is more out of regional factors.The enclosed houses in these two area are both developed from local basic dwellings,revealing no inevitable communication relationship between each other.The study also makes an exploratory discussion on the origin and development of the“Round earth building”,as well as the “Round-dragon house” as a typical representation of Hakka culture.Another focus of the study is to explore the regional differences and their causes among Hakka villages.Based on the geographical distribution pattern of villages and dwellings types,this paper studies the cultural zoning of the Hakka village residential landscape in the border of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong,and divides them into four regions,namely,“Tang-xiang houses” area in the northwest,“Tang-heng houses” area in the northeast “Enclosed houses”area in the south and “Terrace houses” area in the West,including ten sub regions in all.The results show that there is a significant difference between the north and the south.In the north,small and medium-sized houses are the main living mode of small families,and ancestral halls and houses are separated in villages.In the south,the main unit of the village is large houses for clans living togather with ancestral halls integrated in them,and the enclosed houses are formed because of the coincidence of the defense needs and the clan settlement mode in the special period.Different from these two area,the western region,as a marginal area,features villages formed maily by terrace houses.Based on the analysis of the background of regional geography and history development,this paper puts forward that the cultural regional differentiation of Hakka village dwellings in the border areas of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong is formed under the spatial framework provided by the natural geographical pattern and due to the residential cultural differences caused by the time sequence differences of regional economic and cultural development.In general,using the research method of cultural geography in the study of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings,this paper integrates the comparison of the overall spatial pattern of the Hakka areas and the carding of the development history of the Hakka people,so as to have some new exploration on the overview,differentiation and source of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings. |
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