| While major progress has been made in the urbanization of megacities,more serious urban diseases,especially traffic diseases,have also occurred.Government departments and research scholars in foreign megacities attributed one of the important causes to the job-housing spatial separation.It is advocated to alleviate the problem of job-housing spatial separation by building a new city with job-housing spatial balance,but the job-housing balance policy has not fully played its expected role in specific practice.Subsequently,the development strategy of developed large cities turned to guide the new cities development through rail transit.In this process,the commuting distance of residents increased and the commuting time tended to stabilize.In recent years,China's megacities have also continued to improve their rail transit systems,but the operating efficiency of rail transit networks still needs to be improved.The commuting distance and commuting time of residents are increasing,and traffic congestion is still serious.These problems are closely related to the supply and demand of the rail transit system.Constructing an effective rail transit system and alleviating job-housing spatial-temporal inbalance contradiction in megacities has become an important issue for megacities.The economic problem studied in the paper is: in the context of the difficulty in achieving job-housing spatial balance and the prominent commuting time compression problem,based on the commuting time budget of residents,how to organically integrate the commuter rail transit system with the traditional job-housing balance theory to construct job-housing spatial-temporal balance concept ? How to construct an effective rail commuter system to meet the needs of job-housing balance for residents in mega-cities? What is the mechanism and transmission path of the effective rail commuter system affecting the job-housing spatial-temporal balance in megacities?Most of the domestic and foreign research literature on the impact of rail transit on the job-housing balance study the impact of the improved accessibility brought by rail transit on the job-housing relationship based on the job-housing spatial balance theory by using analysis methods such as GIS.However,there are few researches on the physical,organizational,and institutional element characteristics that affect the change of rail transit accessibility and their impact on the job-housing spatial-temporal balance,which leaves room for research in this article.This article will use transportation economics,urban spatial development theory,location theory and other related theories,based on the evolution law of the rail transit elements characteristics and the spatio-temporal characteristics of rail transit,in-depth study the element characteristics which will promote the rail transit effective development,and the impact mechanism and transmission mechanism of these element characteristics on the job-housing spatial-temporal balance.The main research contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Conceptual review and redefinition:Based on the current situation of the job-housing balance and the commuting time rules of residents in metropolitan areas,revising the original job-housing balance theory and proposing the concept of job-housing spatial-temporal balance under the constraints of residents' commuting time budget.The job-housing spatial-temporal balance in mega-cities refers to that most commuters can complete their commuting within the maximum acceptable commuting time under the job-housing spatial separation by developing a rail commuter system whose line can be directly connected to the employment center,and the station can be reliazed integrated development with sorrouding land.(2)Theoretical research conclusion:The technical and economic characteristics of the rail transit system can adapt to the inherent requirements of spatial-temporal balance of megacities' residents.The spatial and economical characteristics of rail transit,such as spatial independence,time reliability,time and space scale economies,and time-space externalizations,have alleviated the contradiction between the long commuter distance and time constraints and high time value of megacities residences,which adapts to the inherent requirements of the commuter time budget for megacities.Based on the supply characteristics of rail transit and the demand characteristics of job-housing spatial-temporal balance in mega-cities,the impact mechanism and transmission path of the rail commuter system on the job-housing spatial-temporal balance in mega-cities are constructed from the perspective of element.The demand of job-housing spatial-temporal balance of residences in megacities is the spatial-temporal accessibility characteristics of rail transit complete transportation products.The continuous rail commuter system with the characteristics of direct/direct access to employment centersa and integrated development with surrounding land can meet the spatial and tempal accessibility needs of residents in mega-cities through its strong space-time transformation ability and strong coupling ability.After supply and demand are coupled,the rail commuter system can give full play to its circulation and field effects,attracting population and industries to be scattered along the rail axis and gathering around rail stations,realizing the redistribution of jobs and living in the commuter circle of megacities,thereby optimizing job-housing spatial relationship in metropolises.The physical continuity of the transit rail system needs to be guaranteed by organizational continuity and institutional continuity.(3)Empirical research conclusions: 1)GIS spatial analysis method verifies the influence of physical continuity on the job-housing spatial-temporal balance in megacities.The study found that the suburbs with direct rail lines/direct access to employment centers and more rail stations with high tempal accessibility have significant population and employment growth and industrial structure optimization characteristics.This is because the lines directly connected to employment centers and a large number rail station with high tempal accessibility have strengthened the spatial-temporal transformation capacity of rail transit and increased its attractiveness to population and industries.In addition,it is found that the employment population of legal entities and legal entities in the suburbs presents distribution characteristics of along the transit rail axis,and the higher the time accessibility from suburban transit rail stations to employment centers,the greater the number of legal entities and employees gathered at the station,which proves that station with high time accessibility have strong spatial coupling capabilities,which helps to promote the multi-functional development of the surrounding land around the station and realize the job and house spatial accessibility.2)Econometric analysis verifies the influence of physical continuity on the job-housing spatial-temporal balance of residents in mega-cities and the optimization of the job-housing spatial-temporal form of mega-cities from the perspective of supply and demand.The Binary Logistic(BL)model is used to analyze the impact of residents' commuting characteristics on the job-housing balance of residents from the demand side.It is concluded that the residents' transit rail commuting characteristics have a significant impact on job-housing spatial-temporal balance in megacities.The shorter the actual commuting time of residents,the fewer the number of transfers,and the more rail stations within a reasonable walking distance between job and house,the greater the probability that residents will achieve the job-housing balance.The dynamic panel model is used to analyze the influence of the rail network line and station characteristics on the population,employment scale and the job-housing balance ratio in various districts of Beijing,and it is concluded that the rail network and station characteristics have a significant impact on the population and employment scale of each district.The rail line serving the suburbs can directly connect to the employment center,and the more effective rail stations whose operation time is controlled within 60 minutes,the more residential communities within a 15-minute walk of the rail station,the probability that suburban residents can achieve job-housing spatial-temporal balance,the more attractive the suburb is to the population and employment of the central area and surrounding areas.In addition,the influence of the transit elements characteristics on the job-housing spatial balance presents a positive U-shaped distribution,that is,with the improvement of time and space accessibility brought by transit rail,the job-housing spatial relationship has undergone a shift from the imbalance brought by rapid population growth to the relative balance brought by the increase of enterprises and employment.(4)Case study conclusion:The case study verifies the impact of physics,organization,and institutions on the temporal and spatial balance of megacity.Tokyo and Hong Kong have gradually formed rail transit system including physical continuity,organization continuity,and institution continuity in the process of urbanization,saving residents' commuting time and realizing job-housing balance of most residents.It has also realized the decentralized and centralized development of the population and industry along the rail transit line.Shenzhen has also introduced various policies and regulations to support the construction of continuous rail transit commuting system.The construction of a multi-level rail transit commuter system which has realized fusion development,rail transit station that is highly integrated with the surrounding land,effective cooperation between rail transit enterprises and other relative companies,and a comprehensive policy about rail transit sustainable development are the key to promoting the job-housing balance of residences in China's megacities.The research contribution of this paper is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:(1)based on the residents' commuting time budget and space-time conversion theory,the concept of job-housing spatial-temporal balance is proposed.The job-housing spatial-temporal balance refers that the space-time conversion ability of the city's dominant transportation mode enable the vast majority of residents to complete commuting trips within the constraints of commuting time budget under the job-housing separation,if the city's existing dominant commuter system cannot meet the commuting time budget requirements of the vast majority of residents,it is necessary to improve or find a new dominant transportation system;(2)based on the development law of rail commuting systems and the supply and demand characteristics of rail transit in mega-cities,the concept of continuous rail commuting system is proposed.The continuous rail commuter system refers to the rail commuter system that can provide passengers with uninterrupted operating services during the passenger's full-chain commuting trip,minimize the uncertainty and invalid commuting time in the passenger's commuting trip,and meet the needs of residents' commuting travel in time and space.The continuous transit rail commuter system includes physical continuity,organizational continuity and institutional continuity.(3)the mechanism “continuous rail transit commuting system-time-space conversion capability/spatial coupling capability improvement-circulation effect/field effect play-mega city residents time/space accessibility improvement-commute time savings/location value creation-population flow along the rail/industry upgrade-the improvement of job-housing spatial-temporal balance in megacities ”is constructed. |
PDF Full Text Request