From 1949 To 1962, The Construction And Management Of The "Yellow Yellow River To Wei" Project

The water conservancy construction in the 1950 s and 1960 s was an important event in the history of water resources in contemporary China.The academic circle was once keen on studying the major river governance,key water conservancy projects and farmland water conservancy construction in this period,so as to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of water conservancy construction in New China.The "Yin Huang Jiwe" project was the first large-scale irrigation project in the lower Yellow River after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.Standing at the starting point of the CPC’s journey to control the Yellow River,it was an important attempt by the new regime to open up a new situation to control the Yellow River.This thesis takes the project of "Yin Huang Jiwe" project as the center,investigates the whole process of the project from 1949 to 1962 from the decision to the construction to the frustrated stagnation.Through the investigation of the reasons for construction,construction,operation management and setbacks in every link of the irrigation shutdown,the overall situation and details of the "Yin Huang Jiwe" project under the leadership of the Communist Party of China are presented,and the first achievements and mistakes of the Yellow River revitalization after the founding of the People’s Republic of China are presented,so as to explore the root causes of the "transformation from prosperity to decline" of Yellow River irrigation.To sum up,this study attempts to answer "two questions"--how to understand the "Yellow River diversion project" under the leadership of the Communist Party of China?What is the reason for the failure of the project to divert the Yellow River and stop irrigation? In addition to the introduction,the thesis consists of four chapters and five concluding parts.The first chapter mainly discusses the problem of "why to build".The "Yin Huang Jiwe" project was proposed by the Yellow Council,a regional organization,and later identified by the Ministry of Water Resources as one of the water conservancy projects built in 1950.In October 1951,the Government Council approved the engineering design.However,there is a great deal of controversy about the construction of the project.So,why did "Yin Huang Jiwei" mount? This chapter tries to answer the question of "why to build" from four aspects: engineering,technology,economy and politics.The second chapter mainly discusses the problem of "how to build",in 1951 to1953,"Yin Huang Jiwe" project of the construction process as the object,discusses the basic process of engineering construction and some important problems of processing,show the fledgling communist party cadres at the grass-roots level in the lack of experience,the crowd thought concerns,time limit for a project under the condition of leadership means and idea of the construction of water conservancy projects,characteristics and disadvantages.The third chapter focuses on the question of "how to manage".This paper mainly discusses the problems encountered in the process of irrigation district management,the methods to solve them and the characteristics presented.At the beginning of the project,the management of the Yellow River diversion project fell into chaos.Combined with the advice of the water conservancy experts of the Soviet Union,the managers of the irrigated areas adjusted the management system,water use methods and channel maintenance,and the irrigated areas gradually entered a scientific and standardized management state.The study also found that the influence and function of the "state role" are throughout the process of project management.Through reviewing the process of expansion and extensive management of "Yellow River diversion project",the paper shows its development track from prosperity to decline.In the agricultural leaping tide of the nation struggling to complete the "458" target,the project of "Yin Huang Jiwe" ushered in "great development" but also encountered "great setbacks",lax management,great diversion and irrigation,blind rice reform,secondary salinization and alkalinity flooding,and the Yellow River Diversion irrigation area from the lower reaches of the Yellow River fell into the trough.The history of "Yellow River Irrigation" from "prosperity" to "decline" from 1949 to 1962 shows incisively and vividly the course of a poor and weak agricultural country with frequent floods and droughts,which made great efforts to change the face of the country,careful planning and bold exploration.No different from other water conservancy projects of this period,the Yellow River Diversion Project was one of the achievements of the Communist Party of China’s low-cost large-scale water conservancy construction relying on political mobilization.It is certain that the construction of the "Yin Huang Jiwe" project is a positive and beneficial exploration for the development of water resources in the lower reaches of the Yellow River to improve agricultural irrigation conditions.However,blind expansion and extensive management are the "severe defects" of the project construction and management,as well as the direct cause of the setback of the Yellow River Diversion Project.After reviewing the development process of the project from 1949 to 1962,the author believes that the problem of construction and management of the project is the problem of water right.In the absence of a unified plan for the utilization of water resources from the Yellow River,the irrigation areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River were built blindly and incorrectly,and the "Yellow River Project" was expanded in the case of immature operation and management.Stimulated by the decentralization of power,the institutions of the irrigation area were scattered,and the water system was abandoned.Therefore,the People’s Shengli Canal Irrigation Area implemented an extremely unreasonable water distribution mode in the extremely loose water management structure.Finally,the chaotic water right distribution mechanism led to the end of the "Yin Huang Jiwe" project to stop irrigation and rectified.In general,the construction of the project is essentially the use of the water resources of the Yellow River by the political power in the right relationship of the "water rights state".The management of the project is a process in which the irrigation district management organization,as the agent of the "state",allocates irrigation water through the establishment of water use system,and the right to use water is finally in the hands of farmers.The construction and management of the "Yellow River Diversion Project" is the concrete presentation of the implementation and use right of water resources to "households".However,in the 1950 s and 1960 s,the division of rights and responsibilities in the development of water resources（in this case,the Yellow River water resources）was vague,the actions of administrative subjects involved in the transfer of water rights in the actual use of water resources were unconstrained,and the policies and regulations on water management were also in a vacuum.There is no plan for the use of water resources in the irrigated area or the whole lower Yellow River.There is no legal restriction at all.This reflects that the imperfect water rights system in New China is the fundamental reason for the "Yellow River Diversion Project" to "turn from prosperity to decline".