Research On The Influence Mechanism Of Command-and-control And Market-incentive Environmental Policies On Economic Green Development

The market and the government are two important subjects in economic and social governance activities.The market,as an"invisible hand",regulates the operating mechanism of the economy and society,while the government mostly relies on administrative coercive power to participate in economic and social governance activities.Environmental governance is an important part of social governance,the dispute between"government theory"and"market theory"in the field of environmental governance has existed for a long time.Command-and-control environmental policies and market-incentive environmental policies are important support for the government and the market to play the role of environmental governance.Looking back on the40-year development history of China's reform and opening up,the establishment of a market-oriented mechanism has stimulated economic vitality,and the total economic volume has achieved a blowout growth.However,China's economy has always been driven by capital and labor.The low-level development model of high energy consumption,high pollution and high emissions has led to increasingly serious shortcomings in resources and the environment.When China's economic development has entered the new normal period,improving the quality of economic development has become the development goal in the new period,and it has become another important task to promote the economy from a stage of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development.Strengthening the construction of ecological civilization,building a green modern development system and establishing the concept of green development have become the inevitable requirements of high-quality development.The goal of environmental governance is to achieve economic green development,so environmental governance is not only an important part of social governance,but also a necessary choice to improve the quality of economic development.The government and the market are important participants in environmental governance activities,and they promote economic green development through command control and market incentive respectively.In order to explore the role of different environmental policies in environmental governance activities,this paper systematically analyzes the impact of command-and-control environmental policies and market-incentive environmental policies on economic green development.The main contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows:Firstly,this paper improves the measurement method of economic green development level.This paper innovatively applies the super-efficiency-meta-frontier DEA method and Luenberger productivity index to measure the green total factor productivity,and improves the decomposition method of green total factor productivity.The decomposition method is based on factor contribution and structure contribution respectively,to find the driving factors of economic green development from multiple perspectives.The results show that:(1)After 2016,the national average green total factor productivity showed an upward trend,from negative to positive,that is,the level of economic green development has improved.(2)There are regional heterogeneous differences in the level of economic green development.The annual average green total factor productivity of the northern and eastern coastal regions is positive,and the annual average green total factor productivity of other economic regions is negative.(3)From the decomposition results of green total factor productivity,for the whole country and most economic regions,insufficient output and excessive energy consumption are the main reasons for the decline of green total factor productivity,and environmental improvement is an important driving factor for the improvement of green total factor productivity.From the decomposition result of structural contribution,innovation effect is an important factor to promote the green total factor productivity.Secondly,This article divides the command-and-control environmental policies into the command-and-control environmental policies implemented by the central government and the command-and-control environmental policies implemented by the local government.The regression discontinuity model is used to identify the impact of the central environmental protection inspector on green total factor productivity.The mediating effect model is used to find the mediating variables of the central environmental protection interview on green total factor productivity.The panel threshold model is used to analyze the nonlinear impact of environmental supervision on green total factor productivity.The study found:(1)Both the central environmental protection inspector and the central environmental protection interview can significantly improve the green total factor productivity,but the central environmental protection inspector only promotes economic green development through output growth effects and environmental improvement effects,and the central environmental protection inspector does not promote energy conservation.As an intermediary variable of central environmental protection interview affecting green total factor productivity,environmental supervision only plays an intermediary role in the year after the environmental protection interview,but it does not have an intermediary effect in that year.It can be seen that it still takes some time for local governments to transform governance pressure into governance countermeasures.(2)There are regional heterogeneity and threshold effects in the effects of environmental supervision.For the four economic regions of northern coastal,southwest,northeast and southern coastal,improving environmental supervision will promote the growth of green total factor productivity,but for other economic regions,the effect of environmental supervision is not obvious.When environmental supervision plays a role in green total factor productivity,there is a threshold effect with the level of economic development,industrial scale,research and development level and environmental supervision as the adjustment factor.Thirdly,this article systematically analyzes the mechanism of market-incentive environmental policies affecting economic green development.Taking energy rights trading and carbon emission rights trading as two environmental regulation tools,the initial allocation of emission rights is taken as the starting point of the research.After the initial allocation plan is determined,the trading behavior of market-incentive environmental policies is simulated.Combine policies for energy rights trading and carbon emission rights trading,and evaluate the economic dividend effects of policy combinations with different marketization levels from the perspective of green growth.The study found:(1)Although the ZSG-DEA method improves the fairness of the initial allocation of energy rights and carbon emission rights,it does not improve the efficiency of the initial allocation.(2)The choice of the initial allocation method depends on the maturity of the market mechanism.When the market mechanism is perfect,choosing the ZSG-DEA method for initial allocation can promote technological progress through market transactions.But when the market mechanism is imperfect,the initial allocation formula based on ZSG-DEA method may hinder technological progress.At this time,choosing the historical method for initial allocation can save productivity in the short term.(3)As the market oriented level of market-incentive environmental policies increases,their output effects,energy-saving and emission-reduction effects,and green total factor productivity will all increase.Under the combination of market transaction policies where energy rights and carbon emission rights can be traded at the same time,potential output increments,energy savings,CO₂emissions reductions,and green total factor productivity will all be significantly improved.The results show that the combination of market transaction environmental policy shows the best economic dividend effect,the combination of mixed environmental policy is in the middle,and the combination of command control environmental policy has the worst economic dividend effect.(4)The index decomposition results of green total factor productivity show that compared with the pursuit of output(GDP)increase,market incentive environmental policies promote the increase of green total factor productivity to a greater extent through energy conservation and CO₂emission reduction.Fourthly,after separately analyzing the mechanism of command-and-control environmental policies and market-incentive environmental policies,this article further analyzes the impact of their synergy on economic green development.Taking into account the differences in the impact of command-and-control environmental policies implemented by different levels of government,this paper studies the synergy of central environmental protection interviews and emission rights trading,and the synergy of local environmental supervision and emission rights trading.The study found:(1)Compared with not implementing the central environmental protection interview and emission rights trading,or only implementing one of them,implementing the central environmental protection interview and emission rights trading at the same time can significantly improve the level of economic green development.(2)The policy effect of environmental supervision will be affected by the regulation of emission rights trading policies.For cities that do not implement emission rights trading,the green growth effect of environmental supervision is not significant,while for cities that implement emission rights trading,the implementation of environmental supervision will still significantly increase green total factor productivity.(3)From the perspective of the intermediary effect of foreign direct investment,environmental supervision and emission rights trading have both synergistic effect and restrictive effect.The synergistic effect is that emission rights trading will reduce the restriction of environmental supervision on foreign direct investment,and the restrictive effect is that the simultaneous implementation of environmental supervision and emission rights trading will reduce the effect of policies.This article draws the following revelations:There is a serious regional imbalance in the level of China's economic green development,so regional heterogeneity should be taken as an important reference factor in both efficiency evaluation and environmental policy implementation.The implementation of differentiated environmental policies is a necessary condition to improve the ability of environmental governance.The central government should continue to adhere to the environmental governance behaviors mainly in the form of environmental protection inspector and environmental protection interview,and give full play to their role in promoting environmental improvement.In order to promote green economic growth,we should implement market-incentive environmental policies on both the supply side and the demand side,improve the role of market-incentive environmental policies,and maximize the economic dividend effect of policies.Environmental governance should give play to the synergistic effect of multiple entities.It should not only take advantage of the market's advantages in resource allocation,but also rely on the government's administrative executive power.Under the goal of achieving green growth,command-and-control environmental policies and market-incentive environmental policies achieve complementary advantages.