Research On The Identification Of Typical Antibiotics And List Of Priority-controlled Antibiotics In Various Environmental Compartments In China

Since the advent of penicillin in 1920 s,antibiotics have been widely used to prevent and treat diseases pertaining to humans and livestock.Due to the enormous usage,the low metabolic rate in vivo,and the multiple transfer pathways from sources to receptors,antibiotics have been widely detected in the environmental compartments in China.Based on the standards of quality control and quality assurance in the original text,this study screened out 172 statistically significant publications in the past ten years and established a database of antibiotic residues in China's environmental compartments by summarizing the 172 publications.This study explored the overall residual levels of antibiotics and the transfer pathways of antibiotics between various environmental compartments and constructed an identification method of priority-controlled antibiotics;and this method was applied and verified in a typical karst underground river system in China.The main results obtained are as follows:(1)The established database of antibiotic residues in China's environmental compartments contained approximately 15,000 concentration values of 110 antibiotics and covered 8environmental compartments and 7 major basins.The results showed that a total of 105 antibiotics were detected and the median concentration ranges of antibiotics in aqueous phase and solid phase were 2.9-156 ng/L and 2.1-39 ?g/kg,respectively.The median concentrations of antibiotics in sources were 1.9-54 times higher than that in receptors.(2)Hierarchical clustering based on antibiotic concentration(Euclidean Distance and Ward Method)identified that tetracycline,oxytetracycline,chlortetracycline,ofloxacin,enrofloxacin,norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were the typical antibiotics coexisting in aqueous phase and solid phase of the environment in China.Hierarchical clustering based on antibiotic detection patterns(Asymmetric Binary and Ward Method)revealed the two main transfer pathways from sources to receptors were from animal wastewater/WWTPs effluent to surface water/sediment,and from animal manure/WWTPs sludge to soil/groundwater,respectively.(3)Combining with the status of antibiotic pollution,an identification method of prioritycontrolled antibiotics based on detections,concentrations,and physical and chemical properties of antibiotics(persistence,bioaccumulation,and toxicity)was constructed.The priority ranking of105 antibiotics was established,and 26 antibiotics were identified as the priority-controlled antibiotics in China's environmental compartments.These priority-controlled antibiotics were mainly veterinary antibiotics,and the average proportion of veterinary use was 83%.Therefore,controlling the usage of antibiotics used for animals in China is a necessary measure to reduce environmental pollution of antibiotics in the future.(4)Based on the monitoring data during several years in the typical karst underground river system,11 priority-controlled antibiotics were identified by the identification method of prioritycontrolled antibiotics.73% of the priority-controlled antibiotics in the typical karst underground river system was consistent with the list of priority-controlled antibiotics in China's environmental compartments,which verified the reliability of the priority-controlled antibiotic list established in this study.This study systematically assessed the levels of antibiotic residues in environmental compartments in China and clarified the main transfer pathways of antibiotics from sources to environmental media.The established list of priority-controlled antibiotics provides theoretical and methodological support for the precise control of antibiotic environmental pollution in various environmental media in the future and contributes to formulate relevant regulations for antibiotic monitoring and usage control.