| In this thesis,metallic coloring or structural coloring textiles with other characteristics or functions were fabricated by depositing single layer film or multilayer films with a certain structure,composition,thickness and appearance on the surface of the textile fabrics substrate via a magnetron sputtering method,one of the vacuum physical vapor depositions,with metals,metal oxides,nitrides,ceramic materials,etc.as targets.The related coloration mechanism and the relationship between the film micro(nano)structure,surface morphology,composition,crystalline structure and the related optical properties and other characteristics were characterized.The formation mechanism and regulation law of the absorption color,metallic color or optical interference induced structural color by the thin film deposition are analyzed.The color stability of the film and the bonding fastness between the film and the substrate are investigated.A theoretical model for the formation of structural colors on the surface of textile fabrics is proposed.The main research results are summarized as follows.Firstly,the classification of colors,color-generating mechanism and structural coloration,as well as the characterization methods of colors including structural color was introduced.The preparation methods,research status and development of related structural coloring textiles were reviewed.The thin-film deposited by magnetron sputtering and its structural coloration principle were discussed.For the interference structural coloring textiles with metallic color and/or structural color fabricated by coating of single-layer film or multi-layer films via vacuum physical vapor deposition needs to be in-depth study,especially the key technologies and issues such as coloration mechanism,color control and color stability,the research content and experimental methods in this thesis were proposed.Secondly,metal copper and stainless-steel thin films were deposited on the polypropylene non-woven fabric.In order to optimize the sputtering process,the influence of the four parameters,i.e.,the base pressure,working pressure,Ar gas flow rate and the sputtering power on the film deposition rate was discussed.Results show that the impact of these four parameters on the film deposition rate in order of importance is as follows,sputtering power>Ar gas flow rate>working pressure>base vacuum.The optimized process parameters are,base pressure of 5×10-3Pa,Ar gas flow rate of 35ml/min,sputtering power of 100W,and working pressure of 0.5Pa.In addition,a sample holder,and a standard light box was used in the sputtering chamber.Thirdly,a single layer film of copper and/or its oxide were deposited on a polypropylene(PP)non-woven fabric substrate to prepare textiles with a metallic coloring appearance.The influence of the changes in oxygen flow rate on the color and related characteristics of the samples was examined.The samples color is affected by the change of oxygen flow rate and depends on the film elemental composition and relative content.With the increase of oxygen flow rate,the Cu content on the surface of the film decreases and gradually becomes Cu2O and CuO.The color becomes lighter with the color brightness increases,while the K/S value decreases as the CuO content increases.The copper oxide film on the fiber surface covers well with an amorphous structure.There is a slight relationship between the hydrophobicity of the copper oxide film coated samples and the change in oxygen flow rate.The UV protection performance(UPF)reduces overall as the oxygen flow rate increases while the film thickness decreases.The copper film coated sample has a momentary static attenuation while the static elimination ability of the pristine sample is very weak.Moreover,the static electricity of the copper oxide film coated samples became more obvious and the static elimination ability decreases owing to the conversion of element Cu into Cu2O and then CuO.But its antistatic performance is preferable to the pristine sample’s.Fourthly,[TiO2/SiO2]k structural composite films(k=2,3,4,5)coated on the PP non-woven fabric substrate and[SiO2/TiO2]3 structural composite f1lms coated respectively on PP non-woven fabric and polyester woven fabric all with structural color effect were fabricated.The impacts of the laminated structure and the double-layer cycle on the relative optical properties of the samples were exaIined.Both of the theoretical Uodels of the[TiO2/SiO2]k structural composite films and the[SiO2/TiO2]k structural composite film coated polypropylene non-woven fabric substrates are consistent.The positions and numbers of the strongest reflection peaks of the above two series of samples are the same for the theoretical calculations.The reflectivity of the[SiO2/TiO2]k structural composite films is higher than that of the[TiO2/SiO2]k films coated on the same substrate with the same double-layer cycle.The sample with[SiO2/TiO2]3 structural composite film coated on the polyester substrate with a larger refractive index has a larger reflectivity than the sample with polypropylene substrate with a smaller refractive index.The structural coloring samples demonstrate excellent UV protection performance.Fifthly,a variety of Nd and TiO2 composite films were prepared by doping rare earth Nd in the TiO2 film via a magnetron sputtering method.The antibacterial ability of the samples coated with a single layer of TiO2 film is greater than that of the samples coated with a single layer of Nd film,while the pristine uncoated PP non-woven fabric has no antibacterial ability.The longer deposition time of TiO2 film is beneficial to increase its antibacterial rate of the samples coated with a single layer TiO2 film.The antibacterial rate of the two-layer film coated samples is larger than that of the single-layer film coated samples.The combination of TiO2 and Nd is favorable to the improvement of antibacterial performance.Moreover.antibacterial performance of the three-layer film coated samples is better than that of the two-layer film coated samples.The relative content of TiO2 and Nd has an obvious effect on the antibacterial performance.It has little effect on the samples’ original color no matter by coating film with a single layer,two layers or three layers.Without considering the influence of film thickness,the TiO2 film with doped Nd cannot greatly improve the UV protection performance.Sixthly,a single layer of copper and/or its oxide film were deposited on the polyester woven fabric substrate.Rich metallic colors of the coated samples such as brass,gold,brown,deep red,army green,and dark green were procured,which are proved as the absorption edge colors rather than the structural colors.Different colors can be obtained by adjusting the sputtering current because the color is mainly affected by the film’s elemental composition and content,the thickness and the structure.It can be acted as a reference for the simplified deposition process for the hue and brightness of the samples that are obviously affected by the sputtering current.The color brightness decreases as the absorption of the visible light increases while the reflection reduces because the film thickness increased as the sputtering current increases.Usually there are elements,such as C,O,N and Cu,existed in the copper oxide film,and the surface composition is mainly composed of Cu2O and Cu(OH)2.The relative content of Cu2O and Cu(OH)2 affects the hue of the film,in which the content of Cu(OH)2 is dominant,and slightly increased with the sputtering current.The average grain size is about 80-101A,and the crystallinity of the film shows an obvious impact on the brightness.The energy band gap of the film is in the range of 1.8-2.2eV,and the corresponding absorption edge is around 570-670nm.The crystallinity of the film increases as the sputtering current and the film thickness increase,and the energy band gap decreases while the absorption edge shifts to red light direction.The film coated well on the fiber surface and has excellent bonding fastness to the substrate.The dry and wet rubbing color fastnesses of the copper oxide film coated fabrics are Grade 3 or above.Compared with the uncoated fabric,the hydrophobicity and ultraviolet protection performance of the polyester fabric are greatly improved by coating the copper oxide film.Nevertheless,air permeability has little change after coating.Seventhly,a single layer of copper nitride and titanium nitride films were deposited on the polyester woven fabric substrate,respectively,to prepare textiles with metallic colors ranging from light gray to pale yellow.The colors obtained are all absorption colors without any structural color.The appearance and color of the copper nitride film coated fabrics are affected by the film compositions containing Cu,Cu2O and Cu(OH)2,in which Cu(OH)2 accounts for the main proportion.Copper nitride film has a band gap of 2.16eV,corresponding to an absorption edge of 574nm.On the other hand,the color of the titanium nitride film coated fabrics is a function of the relative content of TiO2 and TiON,in which TiO2 accounts for a relatively large proportion.A band gap of 2.35eV and a corresponding absorption edge of 528 nm were obtained.The color brightness of these two samples decreased due to the increased absorption of visible light while the reflectivity decreased because the film thickness increased by the increasing sputtering current,and the optical band gap decreased with a red shift of the absorption edge.The film crystallinity and grain size have no impact on the samples’ color because the films are of amorphous phase,and are slightly influenced by the sputtering current.The UV protection performance of the copper nitride film coated samples is remarkably improved by the increasing sputtering current.An average UPF of 234.1 was obtained.Besides,the average UPF of the titanium nitride film coated samples is 106.4,which is higher than that of the pristine sample.The electrostatic phenomenon of the copper nitride film coated samples is severer than the pristine sample,but the titanium nitride film coated samples have a better antistatic performance.The results show that it is a feasible and reliable method to prepare metallic coloring or structural coloring textiles by coating film using a sputtering approach.It can improve the UV protection performance,hydrophobicity,and antistatic performance etc.The air permeability of the coated fabrics is basically unchanged,while the color fastness is excellent.The investigations reported in this thesis provides a reliable benchmark for the preparation of metallic coloring,structural coloring and functional textiles. |
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