| The coal output in China ranks first in the world for many years,and coal resource is the main consumption of energy.In recent years,energy consumption structure has been improving and the proportion of coal has been declining,but in 2018,it still reaches more than 60%.More than 90% of coal mining methods in China are underground mining,mainly in the central and eastern regions.The underground mining methods will cause a lot of damage to the surface land resources,especially the cultivated land,wetland,forest land and other resources,so there is a conflict between the underground mining and the protection for the surface typical land resources.Since the 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the construction of ecological civilization has been deeply rooted in our mind.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have successively issued a series of policies to make it clear that “both golden,silver hill and clean water,green mountains are needed”,and put forward the main goal of “overall improvement in ecological environment quality by 2020”.After the “Qilian Mountain incident” in 2017,the central and local governments at all levels have introduced extremely strict control policies.In this context,it is very necessary for the government to strictly control the damage in ground land resources caused by underground coal mining and give more supervision.However,after policy implementation for nearly two years,many local governments have evolved it into a holistic management mode,which is not in line with the concept of ecological civilization with harmonious coexistence and inclusive wellbeing.In reality,underground coal mining and land resource protection are not uncoordinated and opposite.Due to the influence of various land resource characteristics,land reclamation and ecological restoration technology,mining coal resource and land resource protection can achieve coordinated development under certain conditions,it is not possible to adopt the overall one size fits all management mode.It is necessary to analyze the relationship between the conflict and contradiction,and discuss the win-win way of coordination between underground resources mining and typical land resources on the ground.This research emphasis on the subject of land resource management is the optimization in the typical land resource utilization structure.In the new situation of the unified management in the natural resources,the conflicts in utilization between the land resources on the ground and the mineral resources underground are inevitable.How to improve the utilization structure and coordinate the development has become a current research hotspot and aporia.Based on the idea of full utilization and coordinated development in resources both above and below the ground and the idea of “lucid water and green mountains” and “golden and silver hills”,this paper analyzed and summarized the conflicts between the underground coal mining and the protection in the typical land resources on the ground(wetland,cultivated land and forest land),and discusses the feasibility and applicable conditions in the coordination between them,secondly,it draws a spatial distribution of the national coal resources in wetland,cultivated land and forest land respectively,and analyzed the characteristics and hazards in the conflict,and the coordination model of underground coal mining in wetland,cultivated land and forest land resources protection is preliminarily constructed.Finally,the coordination of underground coal mining in wetland resources protection,underground coal mining in cultivated land resources protection,underground coal mining in forest land resources protection is studied respectively,and specific coordination strategies are given combined with relevant cases explored.The main achievements of this paper are as follows:(1)At the point of view in following and conforming to nature,this paper expounds the characteristic of overlapping in geographical distribution between land resource utilization and mineral resources,puts forward the view that the conflict between the utilization of surface land resources and underground mineral resources is inevitable,and the concept of mineral land composite is raised,which reveals the composite characteristics of coal resources and wetland,cultivated land and forest land resources,and it draws the spatial distribution map.This paper summarized and laborated the conflict characteristics and harms in the combination of national coal resources in wetland resources,cultivated land resources and forest land resources.(2)Pointing out the flaws of the past land resource utilization without considering the underground mineral resources,in the perspective of the coordinated development in mineral and land resource(mineral resources and land resources)under the unified management,this paper discussed the coordination principle of underground coal mining and the protection of typical land resources.The coordination model of underground coal mining in wetland,cultivated land and forest land resources protection was conducted with the use of the cost in mining,mineral sales,ecological restoration and the acceptable net profits in mining enterprises.(3)Taking the wetland coal mining of the Nansihu Lake as the research object,in the analysis on the impact of coal mining on the ecological environment in the research area for decades,and the impact of mining collapse on the wetland,it is found that the negative impact of the coal mining damage is mainly on the destruction in cultivated land and the residential buildings,which has no obvious negative impact on the wetland resources,and even promotes and recovery of wetland.Based on the mining subsidence theory,this paper also analyzed the mechanism that coal mining has no obvious negative impact on wetland ecology,which proves that wetland and coal mining can achieve collaborative development,and the policy conflict is the focus to solve in the future.(4)Using remote sensing image to interpret the changes in land usage in Shandong Province in 2018,and combining with field research and other means to collect the data of coal mining and mining collapse of the enterprises in the study area,the conflicts between underground coal mining and cultivated land resource protection was studied.This paper analyzed the characteristics and causes of the resource conflicts between coal resources and cultivated land resources in the study area,it also analyzed and evaluated the current situation of mining subsidence cultivated land in Shandong Province(base period at the end of 2018),and then predicts the new damaged cultivated land area in 2019-2030 by using the theory and method of actual investigation and mining subsidence prediction.Based on the concept of coordinated development of“both coal and grain” and taking the coordination of land reclamation technology and policy as the foothold,this paper discusses the coordinated countermeasures of underground coal mining and cultivated land resource protection(including applicable conditions).(5)This paper analyzed the composite characteristics of the underground coal mining area and the surface forest land resources of the subordinate Yuhua coal mine,Chaijiagou coal mine and Chenjiashan coal mine,and the actual situation in the coordinated development of the coal mining and forest land protection for decades.In the investigation and study on the changes in land use type,vegetation coverage,ground fissures and the trees growth status in the composite area of coal resources in forest land resources from 1990 to 2018,it shows that no subsidence,landslide and fissure are found on the surface in the study area,and coal mining has no significant impact on land use type and forest land resource protection.Based on the theory and method of mining subsidence,this paper puts forward the mechanism of coordinated development of coal mining in forest land protection,and discussed the coordinated countermeasures in coal forest complicated area. |
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