The textbooks of values education in Indonesian secondary schools: A content analysis

The major citizenship principles in Indonesia are called Pancasila. They consist of (1) Belief in the one supreme God, (2) Just and civilized humanity, (3) The unity of Indonesia, (4) Democracy led by the wisdom of deliberation among representatives, and (5) Social justice for all Indonesian people. Three subjects are devoted to values education, Pancasila Moral Education, History of the Indonesian Struggle Education, and Religious Education.;This study analyzed the textbooks of values education used in secondary schools in Indonesia to examine: (1) the coverage of the textbooks of Pancasila Moral Education and History of the Indonesian Struggle Education in civic cognitive content, (2) the content duplication of the textbooks of Pancasila Moral Education and the textbooks of History of the Indonesian Struggle Education, (3) the coverage of Islamic cognitive content in the textbooks of Islamic Religious Education, and (4) the treatment of the five principles of Pancasila. Content analysis procedure was used to analyze the textbooks. A total of eighteen textbooks of values education were sampled.;The results of analysis show that the textbooks of the Pancasila Moral Education convey all categories of civic cognitive content except mass media and communication. The textbooks of History of the Indonesian Struggle Education cover all civic cognitive content. The textbooks of both subjects used civic knowledge to teach citizenship values. The textbooks of Islamic Religious Education evenly cover all categories stated in the Basic Course Outlines. All five principles of Pancasila have high frequency of occurrence in the textbooks of Pancasila Moral Education. The textbooks of History of the Indonesian Struggle Education emphasize principle III (The unity of Indonesia), and principle II (Just and civilized humanity). The textbooks of Islamic Religious Education place emphasis on principle I (Belief in one supreme God), principle II (Just and civilized humanity), and principle V (Social justice for all Indonesian people).