The traits and behaviors of ambidextrous individuals: How exploration and exploitation are intergrated at the individual level

The present study addressed a noted gap in the organizational ambidexterity literature by identifying the traits and behaviors that enable individuals to be ambidextrous by simultaneously engaging in explorative and exploitative activity. A multiple case study design was employed. Six ambidextrous individuals were each studied as separate cases, using interviews, feedback interviews, and Big Five Inventory results. By using grounded theory analytic techniques, four propositions that compose an emerging theory are provided. The emerging theory proposes that ambidextrous individuals possess specific, measurable traits (Proposition 1), apply a specific, observable approach (Proposition 2), are supported and enabled by specific contextual factors (Proposition 3) and continually develop the skills required to explore and exploit with experience (Proposition 4). This theory contributes to the literature by replicating previous findings of the trait of openness in ambidextrous individuals, and of the behaviors previously observed by Gibson and Birkinshaw (2004). In addition, the proposed theory extends the literature by quantifying levels of openness and extroversion, and identifying additional factors of resilience, agility, and collaboration within the dynamic capability of individual ambidexterity. Multiple applications for practice are identified, including selection, training, support, and continued development of individuals in roles that require or benefit from ambidexterity.