| A new dynamic service model based on granular material rheology is presented. The service model is coupled to both a mixed-layer ocean model and a 1-layer thermodynamic atmospheric model which allows for an ice-albedo feedback. Land is represented by a 6-meter thick layer with a constant base temperature. A 10-year integration including both thermodynamic and dynamic effects and incorporating prescribed climatological wind stress and ocean current data was performed in order for the model to reach a stable periodic seasonal cycle. The commonly observed lead complexes, along which sliding and opening of adjacent ice floes occur in the Arctic sea-ice cover, are well reproduced in this simulation. In particular, shear lines extending from the western Canadian Archipelago toward the central Arctic, often observed in winter satellite images, are present. The ice edge is well positioned both in winter and summer using this thermodynamically coupled ocean-ice-atmosphere model. The results also yield a sea-ice circulation and thickness distribution over the Arctic which are in good agreement with observations. The model also produces an increase in ice formation associated with the dilatation of the ice medium along sliding lines. In this model, incident energy absorbed by the ocean melts ice laterally and warms the mixed layer, causing a smaller ice retreat in the summer. This cures a problem common to many existing thermodynamic-dynamic sea-ice models.; The origin and space-time evolution of Beaufort Sea ice anomalies are studied using data and the sea-ice model described above. In particular, the influence of river runoff, atmospheric temperature and wind anomalies in creating anomalous sea ice condition in the Beaufort Sea is studied. The sea-ice model is then used to track the position of an ice anomaly as it is transported by the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift Stream out of the Arctic Basin.; It can be inferred from driftwood data collected in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago that very different sea-ice drift patterns were present in the Arctic Ocean during the Holocene. In this study, the sea-ice model described above is used to examine the different modes of Arctic sea-ice circulation during this period, and also to infer characteristics of century-to-millennial scale changes in Arctic atmospheric circulation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)... |
