| Altered scapular kinematics have been linked to increases in shoulder pain and pathology. As such, identifying normal scapular movement is integral to preventing pathology and maintaining health of the joint. Existing methods to evaluate scapular movement are invasive, expensive, require exposure to radiation, suffer skin based motion artifacts, or allow for examination only in static postures. Freehand three-dimensional ultrasound offers the unique ability to image bone while being non-invasive, relatively low cost, and free of radiation. This is a novel application of a technology that in the past has been used for needle guided injections and determining changes in organ volumes, but never for evaluating bone movement. We have developed a custom freehand-ultrasound system that shows high repeatability across trials (SEM < 2&... |
