Measuring telomerase expression, and study on galectin-3 in pathological samples (Hungarian text)

In the first part of our work we set the objective to study the tel reactivation in routine histological and cytological material. We also studied the correlation of the values received with the morhphological factors. We divided the 118 (77 histologic and 41 cytologic) samples into five major groups: kidney tumors, soft tissue tumors, bladder tumors (urine), thyroid lesions and other lesions (of various localisations and origin).; We measured the mRNA relative expression of hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase), a catalytic subunit closely correlating with TA. It was determined with real-time RT-PCR method.; Based on the results it can be established that measuring expression of hTERT yields valuable assistance in the preoperative diagnosis, particularly regarding the dignity of thyroid and breast lesions.; The study of urine samples suggests that determination the expression of hTERT is well suitable for the early detection and monitoring of bladder cancer. The tel reactivation does not seem to play a key role in the development of soft tissue tumors although its study might be important for individualised treatment.; Thyroid tumors show varying histopathological feature and clinical behaviour. Molecular markers, among them the telomerase studied in the first part of this work, are promising, however, they have currently limited availability for routine diagnostics. Nevertheless, the diagnostic immunohistochemical antibodies are getting more and more important in the differential diagnostics and grading of thyroid tumors. Out of them---based on literature data---the galectin-3 (gal3) seems to be highly specific and sensitive.; In the second part of our work, in 91 thyroid lesions we retrospectively studied the (gal3) immunohistochemical reaction and analysed its diagnostic value in the determination of the dignity of various lesions, with special regard to those of follicular origin. While (gal3) was markedly and diffusely expressed in papillary carcinomas, it showed weaker, focal or varying positivity in other malignant lesions. In all the inflammations focal positivity was observed. The nodal goiter and normal thyroid tissue was negative.; On the basis of our results the gala immunohistochemical reaction seems to be reliable in the histological diagnosis of papillary carcinomas. In the most difficult field of thyroid diagnostics, however, in the case of follicular lesions, our experience does support the observations described in most studies so far. In case of follicular lesions the method---although a useful supplementary examination---has no absolute value in itself, therefore fundamentally we must further rely on the classic morphologic criteria.; Our most recent observations suggest that in the Hashimoto's thyreoiditis the (gal3) positivity occurring in papillary structures might indicate a malignant transformation already prior to the onset of the characteristic morphological criteria of papillary carcinomas.