| The details of Polarization Modulation Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (PM-NSOM) are presented. How to properly calibrate and align the system is also introduced. A measurement of Muscovite crystal is used to display the capabilities of the setup. Measurements of supported gel state 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers are presented, emphasizing how it was tooled in exploiting the anisotropic nature of the acyl chains. A discussion of how the effective retardance (ΔS = 2 π (ne−no) t /λ) and the direction of the projection of the acyl chains (&phis;) are measured simultaneously is given, (where t is the thickness of the bilayer and λ is the wavelength of light used). It is shown from ΔS the birefringence (ne−n o) of the bilayer is determined, by assuming the acyl chain tilt with respect to the membrane's normal to be approximately &phis; ≈ 32 degrees. Time varying experiments show lateral diffusions of ∼ 2×10 −12 (cm2)/s. Temperature controlled PM-NSOM is shown to be a viable way to determine the main phase transition temperature (Tm) for going from the gel to liquid disorder state of supported DPPC bilayers. A change ΔS ∼ (3.8+/−0.3 mrad) at the main phase transition temperature Tm (≈ 41°C) is observed. This agrees well with previous values of ( ne−no) and translates to an assumed &phis; ∼ 32 degrees, when T < Tm and 0 when T > Tm. Evidence of supper heating and supper cooling will be presented, along with a discussion of the fluctuations that occur around Tm. Finally it is shown how physical parameters such as the polarizability are extracted from the data. Values of the transverse (α t) and longitudinal (αl) polarizabilites of the acyl chains are shown to be, αt = 44.2Å3 and αl = 94.4 Å3, which correspond well with the theoretical values of a single palmitic acid (C16) α t = 25.14 Å3 and α l = 45.8 Å3. |
