| Long before the atomic bomb indelibly associated radioactivity with death, many physicists, botanists, and geneticists were remarking that radium held the secret of life. This dissertation examines the multifold connections in the first half of the twentieth century between early radioactivity research and contemporary understandings of vitality, both scientific and popular. As some physicists early on described the wondrous new element radium and its radioactive brethren in lifelike terms ("decay," "half-life," and frequent reference to the "natural selection" and "evolution" of the elements), many biologists of the period eagerly sought to bring radium into the biological fold. They did so with experiments aimed at elucidating some of the most basic phenomena of life, including metabolism and mutation, and often saw in these phenomena properties that in turn reminded them of the new element. These initially provocative metaphysical and discursive links between radium and life proved remarkably productive in experimental terms and ultimately led to key biological insights into the origin of life (J. Butler Burke), the effects of radiation (C. Stuart Gager), the nature of mutation (Albert F. Blakeslee), and the structure of the gene (Hermann J. Muller). Studies of these four revealing cases form the core of the dissertation, as I examine how radium served for successive experimenters as vitalizer, stimulant, mutagen, and atomic tool. Reflecting a distinctive overlapping of metaphor and metaphysics; of terminology and technique; and of the living, nonliving, and half-living, these fruitful connections between radium and life (and those who studied both) conditioned the continuing use of radium, and later radiation more generally, in evolutionary and genetic research for years to come. By tracing the half-life of these several related experimental systems over time, I demonstrate how some of the guiding tropes linking radioactivity and life interacted with fundamental technological and conceptual shifts to constitute and reconstitute theories and experimental practices alike. Time after time as the first half of the twentieth century unfolded, the radium/life nexus---in a variety of directions and manners---transmuted. |
