Characterization of FXR alpha in medaka and its involvement in hepatobiliary injury

The liver is a primary target for toxicants and/or their metabolites. Selected fish species now serve as model organisms for laboratory investigations of toxic responses in the liver. One such model is the Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes), a small freshwater teleost with a robust history of usage in liver and biliary toxicity studies. The structural components of the medaka hepatobiliary system have been well-described by recent studies in two- and three-dimensional contexts, but efforts to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying critical medaka liver functions during normalcy remain sparse. This dearth of information makes it difficult to definitively characterize toxic responses in this model organism. A crucial transcription factor underlying proper hepatobiliary function in both mammalian and non-mammalian species is the farnesoid X receptor alpha (FXRalpha), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that plays a key role in bile acid homeostasis. This dissertation describes the function of medaka fxralpha during both normalcy and toxicity.;To achieve this overall objective, in vitro techniques were first employed to study the function of medaka fxralpha. Two isoforms of fxralpha that differ in the AF1 domain, Fxralpha1 and Fxralpha2, were isolated from liver cDNA and are the result of alternative splicing of one gene locus. Fxralpha2 responded significantly to C24 bile acids and the synthetic FXRalpha agonist GW4064. On the other hand, Fxralpha1, despite having an identical ligand-binding domain to that of Fxralpha2, showed no response to any agonists tested by transient transactivation assays. Furthermore, Fxralpha2 interacted with nuclear receptor coactivators PGC-1alpha and SRC-1 in mammalian two-hybrid assays while Fxralpha1 did not. These findings point to a significant importance of the AF1 domain to overall receptor structure and function.;Following in vitro functional characterization, in vivo experiments using medaka larvae were performed to determine fxralpha's function during normalcy. Quantitative, real-time PCR data demonstrated that Fxralpha1 is highly expressed in adult liver, while Fxralpha2 is expressed predominantly in gut. Fxralpha1's expression was higher than Fxralpha2 in embryos and larvae at all developmental timepoints tested. In vivo exposures of medaka hatchlings to GW4064 at various doses significantly altered expression of defined FXRalpha targets, including: bile salt export protein (BSEP), small heterodimer partner (SHP), and cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1). Surprisingly, numerous sublethal hepatic alterations to hepatocytes and bile preductular epithelial cells (BPDECs) were observed following exposure to GW4064; alterations included: lipid accumulation, glycogen depletion, mitochondrial swelling and rupture of mitochondrial membranes, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum, and apoptosis. Significant lipid accumulation, as revealed by oil red O whole mount staining of larvae, was also noted at lower doses of GW4064. These findings were the first observations of sublethal hepatotoxicity of GW4064; to date, no studies in the mammalian literature reported alterations following its administration.;Because of studies in the mammalian literature that demonstrated alleviation of cholestatic injury induced via the classic hepatotoxicant alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) by GW4064, it was originally hypothesized that a similar finding would be observed in medaka coexposed to these compounds. However, because of GW4064's ability to induce sublethal hepatic alterations in medaka, it was anticipated that its coadministration with ANIT would result in enhanced toxicity rather than alleviation as described in rodent models. However, despite the sublethal alterations induced by 1 microM GW4064, alleviation of toxicity following exposure to 15 microM ANIT was observed. Surprisingly, reduction of GW4064's toxicity was also observed in larvae exposed to both compounds. These investigations of fxralpha function are an important and essential component in furthering our understanding of hepatobiliary toxicity in small aquarium fish models of human liver disease. These collective findings have created molecular underpinnings necessary for understanding medaka hepatobiliary function during normalcy and toxicity.