| China's agricultural development has made remarkable achievements since the implementation of the household contract responsibility system in 1982.China's grain production has increased by 12 consecutive years from 2003 to 2015.In 2015,China's total grain output reached 62,1435,000 tons,an increase of 44.28% over 2003.However,with the continuous promotion of industrialization and urbanization,a large number of young people in rural areas transfer to non-agricultural industries,and the impact of resources and environment constraints on grain production has become increasingly prominent,which cause the traditional agricultural production mode is difficult to sustain.Only by increasing the input of agricultural technology on the basis of expanding the scale of operation can we effectively achieve the goals of " increase grain production" and "increase farmers' income".In order to carry out the sustainable development strategies such as "prospering agriculture by science and technology" and "storing grain in technology",it is of great significance to investigate the characteristics and effects of agricultural technology adoption in China from the macro level on the one hand,to strengthen the government's guidance of agricultural technology extension regulation,to accelerate the reform and innovation of agricultural technology extension system,and to raise the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology.On the other hand,scientific and technological achievements can be effectively transformed into productivity only when they are adopted and applied to agricultural production by farmers.As the mainstream form of development of the new type of agricultural operation subject in China,professional large-scale households not only retain the characteristics of agricultural production and operation dominated by farmers,but also solve the problems of "low,small and scattered" existing in traditional agricultural operation.In terms of the adoption of agricultural technology,the major professional households usually play a strong leading role in demonstration.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to study the major professional households' adoption behavior and effect of agricultural technology from the micro level,for promoting the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements,wide application of agricultural technology and promoting the development of new agricultural operation entities in China.Taking rice production in Hubei Province as an example,this paper explores the application and effect of agricultural technology from the macro and micro perspectives,basing on the characteristics of spatial and temporal evolution of rice technology,the spatial impact of technology adoption on rice production in Hubei Province,and the factors affecting the technology adoption behavior of large grain producers.As well as several aspects such as “can participation in agricultural technology training effectively promote technology adoption behavior of large grain growers?”,"the comparison of increasing production and increasing efficiency after the adoption of large-scale graingrowing household technology".Firstly,the background,purpose and significance of this study are put forward based on the relevant literature and the national conditions of China's agricultural development,and the research framework of this paper is summarized by combing the relevant theories and research.Secondly,the spatial and temporal evolution rule of rice technology is analyzed from macro level by establishing the comprehensive evaluation index of rice technology.On the basis of this,the spatial effect of technology adoption on rice production in Hubei Province is analyzed in depth.Then,this paper makes a descriptive analysis on the management characteristics,production technology demand characteristics,technology adoption behavior characteristics and technology adoption environment characteristics of the large rice farmers in Hubei Province from the micro level.The Logistic model was used to analyze the main influencing factors of the technology adoption behavior of large grain households,and the propensity score matching method(PSM)was used to further explore the impact of participating in agricultural technology training on the technology adoption behavior of large grain households.Finally,on the basis of using Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model(SFA)to calculate the technical efficiency of large grain-growing households,the differences of the effects of different types of technologies on increasing production and efficiency were compared,and the countermeasures and suggestions for promoting the wide application of agricultural technology of large grain-growing households were put forward.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The adoption of rice comprehensive technology in Hubei province can be divided into three periods according to its fluctuation rule(1996?2001,2002?2006 and 2007?2014),which showing a steady upward trend overall.Under the combined action of raising seedling cultivation technology and chemical control technology,the comprehensive rice technology in Hubei province has gradually formed the layout of "two sides high and middle low".The cultivation technology of rice seedling has undergone two stages: a significant improvement in the late 1990 s,and a great fallen in recent years.However,the regions with higher level of rice chemical regulation technology gradually gathered in the southwest of Hubei Province.The analysis of influencing factors of comprehensive rice technology shows that there is no significant relationship between the effective density of agricultural technology contractors and the adoption of comprehensive rice technology.The proportion of planting output value,the per capita net income of rural residents,the scale of household operation,and the hilly plain agricultural areas all have a positive impact on the comprehensive rice technology.(2)Considering the cross regional operation of agricultural machinery,the direct and spatial effects of technology adoption and agricultural mechanization on rice production in Hubei have undergone an evolution from insignificant to significant.There was no significant relationship between technology adoption and rice production in Hubei province before 2001.As farmers tended to adopt chemical control technologies such as "increase production,labor saving and easy operation" after 2001,technology adoption had a significant positive effect on rice production.Moreover,rice technology adoption has significant spatial spillover effect,slightly lagging behind its positive impact on local rice production,which shows that farmers in surrounding areas imitate and learn after contact inspection,and ultimately promote the dissemination and diffusion of Yield-increasing rice technology.On the other hand,since the implementation of "Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Act" in 2004,the large and medium-sized agricultural machinery began to increase significantly.The total power of agricultural machinery began to have a significant positive impact on the rice production performance after 2006.However,at the provincial level,while the positive effect of Agricultural Mechanization on the local rice production is more significant,it has a significant spatial crowding-out effect on rice production in the surrounding areas.(3)Based on the descriptive statistics of survey data,we find that the main problems in the development of large grain farmers are:(a)the structure of the age and educational level of the agricultural labor force needs to be optimized.At present,the age groups of the large grain producing households are mainly concentrated at 45-65 years old,and the labor shortage of young people is very serious.Compared with the traditional small-scale farmers,the educational level below junior high school has not improved significantly.(b)the problem of land fragmentation of smaller large-scale farmers is more serious.Since the transferring land of small-scale farmers mainly comes from the lease of neighbors or relatives,there is usually no formal contract.the Randomness of lease can't ensure the unification of the location of cultivated land,so the plot is more dispersed.(c)imperfect land circulation is an important factor restricting the further development of large grain-growing households.There are two main reasons for farmers' unwillingness to transfer their land.One is that some farmers have a serious "love complex" and the other is that the problem of resettlement of "landlost" households has not been well solved.(d)large grain-growing households have a single access to information,and the effective use of new media channels such as "network" is obvious inadequate.(e)the accurate problem of subsidies for large graingrowing households needs to be solved urgently.Only by solving the rent-seeking behavior in rural land circulation can agricultural subsidies better play their role.(4)There are differences in the influencing factors of different types of technology adoption behavior among large grain-growing households.Participation in agrotechnical training has a significant positive impact on the adoption behavior of Soil-testing and formula fertilization technology for large grain-growing households,but has no significant relationship with the adoption behavior of improved seed technology;the number of farming labor is negatively correlated with the adoption behavior of Soil-testing and formula fertilization technology for large grain-growing households,but positively correlated with the adoption behavior of improved seed technology;that some family members are village cadres had a significant positive correlation with the use of Soil-testing and fertilization technology,but a negative correlation with the use of improved seed technology;there was no significant effect of risk preference on the adoption of Soil-testing and fertilization technology,but there was a significant positive impact of risk preference on the adoption of improved seed technology.The empirical results show that there is an endogenous problem between farmers' participation in agricultural technology training and farmers' technology adoption behavior.The endogenous problems need to be addressed when evaluating the effect of participation in agricultural technology training on technology adoption behavior of large grain farmers.Comparing the effects of participating in agrotechnical training on technology adoption behavior of large-scale grain-growing households,it was found that the effect of participating in agrotechnical training on technology promotion of large-scale big farmers was better than that of small-scale big farmers.(5)The application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology and improved seed technology have significant positive effects on rice yield and technical efficiency.There is no significant relationship between mechanical input and rice yield.Considering that large grain-growing households basically achieve "100% level of machine operation",the marginal contribution of mechanical input to the increase of rice yield of large grain-growing households has reached a bottleneck.Educational level of household heads is negatively correlated with technical inefficiency,which indicates that farmers with higher education level are more likely to achieve effective allocation of production by learning relevant technical knowledge.With the expansion of operation scale,the technical efficiency of large grain-growing households has been significantly improved,but this does not deny the comparative advantage of small grain-growing households in extremely efficient production(technical efficiency is greater than 0.95).The results showed that the effect of applying suitability technology to large grain-growing households of different scales is more remarkable.The effect of increasing yield and efficiency of soil testing and formula fertilization technology is better in large-scale big farmers,with the yield increased by 114.32 kg and the technical efficiency increased by 0.0676 on average.The effect of yield increase and efficiency increase of improved seed technology is better in small-scale big farmers.When 30?50 Mu and 50?100 Mu large-scale grain-growing households adopted improved seed technology,the yield per mu increased by 54.74 kg and 64.03 kg on average,and the technical efficiency increased by 0.0274 and 0.0205.The possible innovations of this study are as follows:(1)This paper studies the adoption of agricultural technology and its effect by combining macro and micro perspectives.Since it is difficult to quantify the level of macro technology adoption,most of the existing researches focus on the behavior and effect of farmers' technology adoption from the micro perspective.Taking the rice production in Hubei Province as an example,this paper studies the spatial and temporal evolution and spatial spillover effect of rice production technology in Hubei Province from the macro level by constructing comprehensive evaluation indexes of technology adoption,and analyzes the behavior and effect of large-scale rice farmers' technology adoption from the micro level,which not only provide decision-making basis for further strengthening the macro-control guidance of rice technology extension,but also contribute to improving the spatial effects of agricultural technology.There are some innovations in research perspectives and contents.(2)A comprehensive analysis is made on the technology adoption behavior of the new agricultural management subject such as large rice growers,since there are few systematic studies on technology adoption behavior of new agricultural operators such as large grain-growing households.Perfecting such studies has important practical significance for promoting the development of new agricultural operators and the wide application of agricultural technology in China.The main influencing factors of the technology adoption behavior of the large grain households are studied,and the technical adoption behavior of the large scale farmers who participate in agricultural technology training is emphatically analyzed.Finally,the effect of technology adoption of large grain farmers was analyzed from the two perspectives of "increasing production" and "increasing efficiency",there are some innovations in research perspective.(3)The effect of participating in agricultural technology training on technology adoption behavior of large rice farmers is scientific and objective evaluated in this paper.While existing studies examined the impact of participation in agrotechnical training on the technology adoption behavior of large grain-growing households,it usually simply add the participation in agrotechnical training as an explanatory variable into the Logit or Probit model,ignoring the possible endogenous problem.Farmers who participate in agrotechnical training usually have stronger willingness to adopt technology,which leads to overestimating the promotion effect by agrotechnical training.In addition,few studies have paid attention to the effect of participating in agrotechnical training on technology promotion of different scale farmers.This paper evaluates objectively and accurately the impact of participating in agrotechnical training on the technology adoption behavior of large grain-growing households by using the propensity score matching(PSM)method to eliminate the interference of endogenous problems.There are some innovations in research contents and methods. |
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