The Household's Land Renting-out Behavior And Its Poverty Reduction Effect In Poor Areas

With the development of household contract responsibility system,many disadvantages such as the insufficient contract period of land transfer,the unstable management rights,land fragmentation and inefficient resource allocation emerge gradually.Promoting the land transfer could not only boost the economic development in rural areas,but also transform traditional agriculture into modern agriculture.In China's poverty-stricken areas,many households are lack of financial support and technical support,these have lead to engaging in agricultural production is not conducive to increasing income for them.On the one hand,land transfer can make the households get stable rent income.On the other hand,land transfer can transfer surplus labor to non-agricultural economic activities with relatively high labor return rate,and it will improve the rural distribution structure.From the observation of the last 10 years,the land transfer in poverty-stricken areas has formed a certain scale.However,under the influence of exogenous factors such as the system,policies and regions,as well as endogenous factors such as resource endowment and some village characteristics,the proportion of households participating in land transfer is still low.Under the background of the arduous task of poverty alleviation and the separation of ownership,contracting rights,and management rights,systematic research on rural households' land transfer behavior and poverty alleviation effects in poverty-stricken areas is of great significance for improving land transfer policies in poverty-stricken areas.At the same time,it will have a greater impact on guiding households to reduce poverty and promote the sustainable livelihood of farmers.Based on the research on land transfer and poverty alleviation at home and abroad,this paper takes the theory of households' behavior and the theory of poverty alleviation as the guidance.This paper makes use of 1112 households' field survey data household in Liupan Mountain contiguous area and analyzes the status quo of land renting-out behavior.Firstly,we constructe a multidimensional poverty measurement index system,and then measure the multidimensional poverty index of households.Secondly,using a variety of mathematical models and measurement methods,we deeply explores the intrinsic influence mechanism which including the poverty alleviation effect of households' land renting-out decision-making behavior,the poverty reduction effect of households' land renting-out scale selection behavior,and the poverty alleviation effect of land renting-out organization mode selection behavior.Furthermore,this paper discusses the mechanism and the poverty reduction effect about the livelihood strategy selection of the households who participanting in the land renting-out.Lastly,we put forward some policy suggestions about land renting-out and poverty reduction and aim to provide theoretical basis and decision-making reference for the improvement of land renting-out and accurate poverty alleviation policies in poverty-stricken areas.The main contents and conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)According to the field survey data of households in Liupan Mountain contiguous area,among 1112 sample farmers,52.61% of the households participate in the land renting-out market,only 9.44% of the households are completely rented out of the land.Among the 585 households who rent out the land,10.43% of households have a renting-out rate of less than 20%,and 52.99% of the households have a renting-out rate between 20% and 60%,and 18.97% of the households have a renting-out rate above 90%.The government-led land renting-out mode is the dominant mode in the Liupanshan continuous area at the present stage.Among the 585 households who rent out the land,79.15% of the households choose the government-led agricultural land renting-out mode.(2)From the perspective of the incidence of poverty in a single dimension,the incidence of households in the Liupanshan contiguous area on per capita net income,education years,education expenditure,health status,medical expenses,timely assistance,clean drinking water,sanitation facilities,housing and life satisfaction are 16.28%,31.29%,7.19%,29.14%,9.53%,16.19%,20.05%,10.25%,14.57%,and 18.71%,respectively.From the perspective of multidimensional poverty,the incidence of multi-dimensional poverty in the Liupanshan contiguous area is 28.51%,the poverty deprivation share is 36.10%,and the multidimensional poverty index is 0.1029(K=3).Through the further decomposition of the multidimensional poverty index,it can be found that the contribution rate of health status to the multi-dimensional poverty situation of the households is the largest(20.36%),and the contribution rate of education expenditure and medical expenditure is low,both of which are less than 5%.(3)Based on the dual perspectives of farmer endowment and transaction costs,this paper uses the Probit model to analyze the impact mechanism of farmers' land renting-out decision-making behavior.The study finds that the area of farmland has a significant positive impact on the decision-making behavior of farmers' land renting-out.The agricultural production capacity,the time of finding the other party,and the negotiation time have a significant negative impact on the farmer's land renting-out behavior.In addition,the family structure,the years of education for adults,the convenience of village transportation and the value of housing affect the decision-making behavior of farmers' land renting-out.On this basis,the Propensity Score Matching model is used to analyze the poverty alleviation effect of farmers' land renting-out decision-making behavior.The study finds that farmers' land renting-out decision-making behavior alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty situation of farmers mainly relying on reducing the poverty index of economic dimension,health dimension and living standard dimension.The study finds that the multi-dimensional poverty index of the transferee are 0.0292 and 0.0376 lower than that of the households who did not participate in the land renting-out before and after the match,and both passed the significance test.From the matching results of the economic dimension,educational dimension,health dimension,life dimension and dimensional subjective dimension,it can be found that the farmer's land renting-out behavior can significantly reduce the poverty index of the households' economic,health and living standards.However,the impact on the poverty index of the educational dimension and the subjective perception dimension is not significant.(4)Considering that it has the non-linear relationship between the scale selection of land renting-out and the multi-dimensional poverty index.The Threshold Effect Regression model is used to measure the critical value of the impact of scale on multidimensional poverty.The study finds that the multi-dimensional poverty index of land renting-out has undergone a structural change in the renting-out scale of 0.7667(flow rate).The households who participate in the land renting-out can be divided into two categories: the low scale households of land renting-out whose land renting-out rate is less than or equal to 0.7667 and the high scale households of land renting-out whose land renting-out rate is more than 0.7667.On this basis,the Endogenous Switching Regressopn model is used to analyze the influencing factors of land renting-out size selection and farmers' multidimensional poverty.And the average treatment effect of land renting-out size selection behavior on multidimensional poverty.The study finds that the value of agricultural machinery,the convenience of village transportation,and the regional characteristics—whether it is located in Gansu Province,agricultural production capacity and negotiation time have had a significant negative impact on land renting-out size selection;regional characteristics—whether it is located in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has a significant positive impact on land renting-out size selection;the education years and the house value are the common factors affecting the multidimensional poverty of the two kind of land renting-out types of households.Based on counterfactual assumptions,it is found that high land renting-out scale can effectively reduce the multidimensional poverty index of households who participate in the land renting-out.If the high scale households of land renting-out choose the low renting-out scale,the multidimensional poverty index will increase by 0.0378;if the low scale households of land renting-out have the opportunity to choose the high renting-out scale,the multidimensional poverty index will drop by 0.1297.(5)At the same time,the choice of land renting-out organization mode has important influence on the multi-dimensional poverty alleviation,the Logit Regression model is used to analyze the influencing factors of the choice of land renting-out organization mode.The study finds that the difficulty of circulation,the area of agricultural land,and the agricultural production capacity all have a significant positive impact on the choice of land renting-out organization mode.While the stability of the contract,the family structure,the years of education for adults,political relations,and regional characteristics—Gansu have had a significant negative impact on the choice of land renting-out organization mode.On this basis,we use Quantile Regression model to analyze how the mode of land renting-out organization affect the multidimensional poverty index.The results show that market-oriented land renting-out can help reduce poverty for the households who participate in the land renting-out and the multidimensional poverty indices are at q=0.1,q=0.25 and q=0.5.However,this effect is only evident among the households whose multidimensional poverty indices are at q=0.25 and q=0.5.Government-led land renting-out will help reduce poverty for the households whose multidimensional poverty indices are at q=0.75 and q=0.9,but this poverty reduction effect is not obvious.(6)Introducing the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis,firstly,this paper use the Combined Weighting model based on game theory to measure the characteristics of the livelihood capital of households who participate in the land renting-out,the study finds that the human capital,physical capital and social capital are relatively high.While natural capital and financial capital are relatively low.Then the K-means clustering analysis method is used to classify the households' livelihood strategies.The results show that the households' livelihood strategies can divide into three distinct categories: agricultural-dominated households,part-time households and work-oriented households.On this basis,Multiple Logit model is used to analyze the impact of households' livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies.The study finds that the households who participate in the land renting-out incline to choose the “work-oriented” livelihood strategy when the human capital is higher,the households who participate in the land renting-out incline to choose the “agricultural-dominated” livelihood strategy when the natural capital is higher,the households who t participate in the land renting-out incline to choose the “work-oriented” livelihood strategy when the financial capital is higher.Finally,we use the OLS model to analyze the poverty alleviation effect on the choice of households' livelihood strategies.The study also finds that the “part-time” and “work-oriented” livelihood strategies have an abvious poverty alleviation effect,and the effects of these two kind livelihood strategies are obviously higher than the “agricultural-dominated” households.The multi-dimensional poverty index of “part-time” households is 0.0458 lower than that of “agricultural-dominated” households,the multi-dimensional poverty index of “work-oriented” households is 0.0757 lower than that of “agricultural-dominated” households.Based on the research conclusions,this paper puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for land renting-out and poverty reduction in Liupanshan contiguous area,which mainly includes: guiding farmers to rent out land in poverty-stricken areas reasonably;standardized the land renting-out market environment orderly;improving households' non-agricultural employment capacity;strengthen the construction of the social security system;implementing the targeted poverty alleviation policies based on the individual differences of the effects of land renting-out behavior on poverty alleviation.