The Research On The Practice Of Rural Land Reform In China

Marxism holds that one of the important functions of the state is to design the property rights system and standardize the trading order of a state.A clear property rights system is conducive to the state,organizations and individuals to clarify their own rights boundaries.A standardized trading order is conducive to the efficient and optimal allocation of various factors of production in the market.As a special factor of production,the ownership of land property rights is not only an economic issue,but also a political issue.Analyzing the practice of rural land reform since the founding of the People's Republic of China,we can find that the focus of state behavior changes as national goals change.From the perspective of the basic law of the interaction between productive forces and production relations,economic basis and superstructure of Marxism,two clear logical analysis frameworks can be constructed:the first is to clarify production relations at the level of property rights system reform on the framework of reforming production relations;the second is to make productive forces more efficient at the level of resource allocation on the framework of developing productive forces.The former reflects the improvement of China's system and capacity for governance,while the latter reflects the process of resource allocation of production factors from planned economy to market economy.Through further empirical research,it is found that the policy dividend released by the innovation of property rights system is reflected in the practice of land reform and innovation at the macro level in the whole country and the exploration of "three-rights separation" reform at the micro level in several counties of Shanxi Province.This is also a new requirement for market-oriented allocation of production factors such as land,capital and labor in modern agricultural production under the background of supply-side structural reform.On the basis of summing up the experience of grassroots exploration,this paper puts forward the principles,directions and paths of reform from two aspects aiming at the existing problems:reforming the property rights system and optimizing the allocation of production factors.The main part of this paper is from Chapter 2 to Chapter 5,which puts forward the core ideas of the paper from theory to practice,history to reality,problems to countermeasures.Chapter 2 is the theoretical framework and analytical perspective.On the basis of elaborating the relevant theories,the analysis shows that the interest issue is always the focus of the interaction between productivity and production relations,economic base and superstructure.The essence of a socialist country determines that all social management functions of the state should continue commitment to the people-centered philosophy of development.Only a stable expectation of property rights and a fair and just trading order can guarantee the balance of public interests and individual interests.Land ownership rights and use rights can be unified and separated.In the case of land ownership locked-in,only by splitting up the various functions of land use rights can the system dividend of land as a production factor be stimulated.Therefore,this paper chooses the perspective of improving and standardizing property rights system and activating production factors.The first main line is reflected in the reform of property rights system,and the reform of "Three-rights separation" derives the requirement of stabilizing farmers' contract rights and liberating land management rights.The second main line is reflected in the market-oriented allocation of Land,capital,labor and other production factors,which is the inevitable requirement of moderate scale of modern agricultural production.Chapter 3 is the realistic concern,taking two main lines as clues*combining with the national tasks in different historical periods,which reviews the historical evolution of rural land reform in China and further demonstrates the interaction between property rights system reform and allocation of production factors.In order to consolidate the regime,the state has transformed the farmers' private ownership of land into collective ownership of land through socialist transformation,and the production and distribution of all agricultural products were inclined to industrialization by the state's plan.In order to solve the problem of food and clothing,on the premise of maintaining the land ownership unchanged,the state has given farmers the right to contract for land management,and the enthusiasm of farmers who have obtained the right to use land has risen unprecedentedly.To coordinate urban and rural development,the state has increased investment in production factors in the field of"agriculture,countryside and farmers" under the policy of "giving more,taking less and loosening control";in order to realize rural revitalization and common prosperity,the state has carried out the reform of "three-rights separation" to liberalize land management rights,and has given full play to the role of the market in optimizing the allocation of agricultural production factors.Chapter 4 is empirical research by summarizing experience and analyzing problems.According to the investigation of several counties in Shanxi Province,the grass-roots practice of the reform of "three-rights separation" is in full swing.The innovation of property rights system has changed the interests' relations of the government,farmers and actual operators.The transfer of land management rights is closely related to the transfer of social capital and labor force.From the typical cases of rural land reform collected by literature,the common feature is that the reform of property rights system is the only way to break down the fragmentation of rural land management,and the system dividend released is conducive to promoting the development of modem agricultural productivity.The difference is that the main body of optimizing the allocation of resources has its own advantages:the government has strong mobilization and coercive power;leading enterprises have abundant financial strength;farmers'cooperatives have gathered a wide range of public support.At present,the dilemma faced by the reform of property rights system is the absence of collective ownership subject,the unclear mechanism of acquisition and withdrawal of farmers'contract management rights,and the interest disputes caused in the process of certification of land confirmation.The obstacles to the allocation of production factors are the narrow scope,short term and low income of the transfer of land management rights,and the imperfection of the farmers' social security system and the intermediary agencies of the transfer of production factors,which restrict the smooth progress of the reform of "three-rights separation".Chapter 5 is the direction and path of deepening rural land reform.On one hand,the reform of property rights system should insist on being conducive to agricultural development and optimization of rural industrial structure,taking national and farmers' interests into account,giving full play to the decisive role of market resource allocation and maintaining the stability of rural society.Local government's positioning should be secondary and subsidiary.Only by stimulating more adequate land property rights can the micro-institutional foundation of land circulation and development be constructed.In addition,we should reform the urban and rural household registration and employment system,strengthen and improve the network-mode service intermediary organizations.On the other hand,we should smooth the channels of market-oriented and efficient allocation of production factors to further integrate all kinds of production factors in the rural land market with the help of favorable situations such as the transfer of rural labor force to non-agricultural industries,the active investment of social capital and the moderate scale of land management in two stages,i.e.the first stage is the spontaneous transfer of land management rights within the rural areas and the second stage is to activate the rights of land management by means of market-oriented means such as joint-stock cooperation.