Research On Supply Chain Pricing And Inventory Policy With Considering Remanufacturing And Sales Channel Model Under Stochastic Circumstance

Under the background of the sustainable development of economy,countries around the world pay more and more attention to the sustainable utilization of the resources and products.As an important means to realize resource recycling,remanufacturing also plays an important role in reducing production costs,expanding market share and improving enterprise image.After ten years of development,remanufacturing industry has formed a relatively complete industrial structure and the closed-loop supply chain management has adopted by more and more enterprises.At the same time,the development of e-commerce also promotes the development of online sales channel.Under such a background,many enterprises start considering the remanufacturing production and the sales channel model,leading to the far more complex decision on production,manufacturing,ordering and pricing.Some previous study aims at deterministic problem,but stochastic circumstance should also been taken into consideration.Such as,random recovery,stochastic demand and stochastic remanufacturing rate.Therefore,we aims to explore the supply chain pricing and inventory policy with considering remanufacturing and sales channel model under stochastic circumstance.Specifically,the innovative research includes:(1)We consider the pricing and inventory policy of closed-loop supply chain under stochastic demand and stochastic collection.The manufacturer can use the new product or remanufacturing product to satisfy customer demand.We derive a model,in which the manufacturer make decision on pricing,collection and produce,to analyze the optimal price,take-back price and produce quantity.We find that the optimal take-back price is linear to the price,then we can formulate a new model equivalent to the traditional newsvendor model to solve this problem.Furthermore,we also develop some criteria for the counterpart deterministic problem under which it is optimal for the manufacturer to produce new product or remanufacturing product.Finally,though numerical examples,we find that remanufacturing not only helps the manufacturer to reduce cost,but also helps to stimulate the customer demand,which could bring more profit to the manufacturer.(2)We consider the pricing and inventory policy of dual-channel supply chain understochastic demand.The manufacturer and the retailer play a Stackelberg game.The manufacturer,acting as the leader,decides the total inventory capacity,the wholesale price and the direct price.The retailer,acting as the follower,decides the order quantity and the retail price.We use a new method based on chain rule to solve this problem,obtaining the manufacturer and retailer’s optimal policy.We find that given the wholesale price and the direct price,respectively,the retailer’s order quantity and the inventory quantity allocated to the direct channel are both similar to that for the news-vendor problem.Besides,we show that in our analysis framework,the retail price,the wholesale price and the total inventory capacity can be presented in closed-forms.Finally,throuth numerical examples,we show that the retailer’s expected profit may be unexpectedly increased when the demand variability in the retail channel increases,due to the competition between two channels.(3)We consider the pricing and inventory policy of dual-channel closed-loop supply chain under stochastic remanufacturing rate.The manufacturer and retailer play a Stackelberg game.The manufacturer,acting as the leader,decides the used product quantity for remanufacturing,the wholesale price and the direct price.The retailer,acting as the follower,decides the order quantity and the retail price.We develop a FirstRemanufacturing-Then-Pricing model to characterize the price and inventory competition between the manufacturer and the retailer.We find that in the decentralized system,the manufacturer would increase the wholesale price and the direct price when the remanufacturing product quantity is low,and the direct would only be treated as a threat to the retailer,in which there is no customer demand and profit,while in the centralized system the manufacturer would increase both the retail price and the direct price when the remanufacturing product quantity is low,and the manufacturer would first decrease the demand in direct channel and then the demand in retail channel as the inventory is shortage.Finally,through numerical examples,we analyze the impact of customer’s acceptance of direct channel and remanufacturing cost on the manufacturer and retailer’s decision and profit.