Research On The Norms Of Science And Control Of Scientific Misconduct

Recently,the discussions about academic corruption have been the focus of attention of the public and the academic circles.Actually,the so-called academic corruption is a kind of scientific misconduct,which mainly refers to the field of Science and Technology Policy and Research Management.Scientific misconduct is a comprehensive and complex subject,and one of the most pivotal and the most important problems is the controlling of scientific misconduct,and the premise of misconduct controlling is the defining and reconstructure of the norms of science.Based on the understanding above,this paper has conducted the systematic research from the following four aspects.Firstly,the breakthrough point is the defining and reconstructure of the norms of science.In the research field of the norms of science,Merton's ethos of science has the significance of paradigm,but the academic circles have many different views about it.The paper intents to interpret it from another perspective(that is,the meta-norms of science).The author holds the views that the ethos of science are not the general norms,but the base which can form some norms of science(refers to the unwritten norms such as custom and habit of the community of science,etc.)or the guidline on the base of which another norms of science(refer to the written norms in Scientific research rules and regulations,etc.)can be formulated,rather,that is the meta-norms of science.In the end,The author builds a stratified structural system of the norms of science on the base of the ethos of science.Secondly,the tie is the integration of the controlling functions of scientific norms.After completing the reconstruction of scientific norms,the author further analyzes the interior of the norms,the results show the effect of scientific norms on the research activities is similar to thatt of market on economic activity which namely Adam Smith's"invisible hand".An invisible forces motivate scientific community activities and the order of the scientific community depends on the degree of perfection and the matching of the"hand"(the norms of science),and then this paper analyses the property and function of this"hand,from the perspectives of the technical norms and social norms.In order to strengthen explanation function of this "hand" to the phenomenons of scientific community,to achieve the controlling of scientific misconduct,based on the analysis of the causes of the scientific misconduct,the paper does up the norms of science with the method of normative integration,and draws the conclusion:in terms of the controlling range,the norms of science can be divided into technical norms and social norms,the former controls the process of scientific research(from research approval,research implementation,research published to research reviews),the latter mainly controls social dissemination and application of achievements in scientific research.In terms of control mode,scientific norms can be divided into the first class norms and the second class norms,the controlling function of the first class norms is shown in two aspects:its advocacy function realize social control through the scientific awards;the prohibition function comes to play through the education and punishment on the anomie behavior.The second class norms contain prohibition function only,its controlling function is also achieved by punishing the anomie behavior.Thirdly,the basis is the conclusions of the empirical research on the scientific misconduct.Normative research-based research on domestic scientific misconduct can certainly make us understand the values and interactive model between norms of science and scientific misconduct,but in reality,normative research is immune to misconduct involving structure and the law of development.In this view,this paper innovatively studied three aspects of scientific misconduct and the basis of the research purpose by empirical method.Firstly,empirical analysis of the domestic scientific misconduct.Based on the results of scientific misconduct research papers output,this paper studied the structural characteristics and development trend of the research on domestic scientific misconduct during the 20 years of the 1993-2012 with scientific measuremen.Secondly,a case study of "bubble fusion incident".The author conducted a empirical research on the case above under scientific management perspective,combined with scientific activities(research approval,research study,research published and research disseminate etc.),and concluded that research activities norms at the operational level.Thirdly,empirical research on the domestic law of development of scientific misconduct occurred.It is a still unresolved issue in academia since the research method and the difficulty in collecting data.Normative research is generalized,to "have a blurred vision" feeling;empirical study in the peripheral(such as academic moral construction status,the cognition of misconduct)circles,failed to get the exact conclusion that development of domestic research misconduct occurred.In this way,select "new threads"site suspected misconduct case as the object of study,made the scientific misconduct database,there was significant difference between the results obtained with the analysis before,it is innovative.Fourthly,the purpose is to control scientific misconduct.In order to achieve to control scientific misconduct,the author did research work in three aspects.Firstly,according to the criteria of the aforementioned conclusions of scientific misconduct studied to determine its classification.Secondly,to compare the control mechanism of foreign research misconduct,which is divided into government-led,project on its merits.Finally,misconduct control program is designed with the conclusions of empirical research on the scientific misconduct.