Measurement And Decision Mechanism Of Human Capital Of Migrant Workers From The Perspective Of Output Efficiency

Migrant workers have made great contributions to China's economic growth,and the human capital contained in them is undoubtedly the core driving force to promote economic and social development.At present,the number of labor forces in China is declining,with the reduction in the demographic dividend,migrant workers as the main body of industrial workers,the improvement of human capital level has become a key factor to promote the sustainable development of economy and promote the upgrading of industrial structure.Under this background,accurate measurement of human capital stock for rural workers and assisting them escaping from the low-level equilibrium trap possess great realistic significance.Therefore,based on the adjustment of J-F lifelong income approach,this paper aims at constructing a scientific measurement method of human capital.In addition,through the comparison of determining mechanism between urban and rural workers,the underlying reasons of low-level human capital for migrant workers can be identified,in order to improve the level of human capital of migrant workers put forward reasonable policy recommendations.In the analysis of the overall characteristics and evolving patterns,several findings can be reached: First,the scale of migrant workers is gradually expanding,but the growth trend is declining.Second,migrating modes of rural workers has changed significantly from short-term and cross-provincial to long-term and intra-provincial migration,and the industry distribution is more dispersed.Third,the rising education levels of migrant workers spurs the enhancement of their human capitals,which maintain their incomes achieving a rapid growth rate.Fourth,the proportion of migrant workers aged above 50 has increased rapidly,manifesting an apparent trend of workforce aging.Fifth,the employment environment of migrant workers is still not optimistic,which can be verified in the statistical figures indicating high incidence in informal sector(40%),low proportion of signing labor contracts(30%),low percentage of social security coverage,and limited training opportunities.In the research of the comparison and improvement of human capital measurement methods,the following findings are found:Compared with cost method and education index method,J-F lifelong income approach has the advantages of higher theoretical fit,closer to output efficiency,rigorous measurement method and more extensive application.However,in the labor market,migrant workers' employedgroups are interfered by household registration discrimination,signal display effect and long-term contract effect,which leads to a deviation between their income and output efficiency,which will lead to errors in the measurement of human capital of employed groups by using J-F lifetime income approach.In order to revise the deviation relationship between the income and output efficiency of migrant workers,this paper adopts the Ministry.The comparison method and Heckman two-stage method control the self-selection effect of self-employment and employment sector.By replacing the inverse factual regression results of the rate of return of migrant workers' employed groups into the measurement equation,the error in the measurement of human capital of the employed groups is effectively eliminated,and the improvement of the J-F lifelong income approach is completed.In the process of measurement,combined with the employment characteristics of migrant workers,this paper discusses the setting of human capital measurement equation and the selection of related parameters,and measures the human capital of migrant workers in each group according to gender,employment sector and region.Finally,this paper measures the results according to the spatial price index.Adjustments have been made to make them comparable among regions.According to our estimated results,the overall distribution features of rural migrant workers' average human capital stock can be revealed in four aspects.First,the ranking orders of average human capital index are very similar to the those of GDP and GNP per capital,also displaying an apparent picture of ordered array of east,middle and west spread.second,the regional gaps between human capital indexes are significantly larger than those of Macro statistical figures,which are more sensitive to the fluctuation of macro economy.Third,the estimated rankings in the eastern coastal areas continue to increase,while central and western regions are declining,with Yunnan Province decreased obviously.Fourth,the evolution trend of spatial pattern in north has obvious spatial agglomeration effect,with some provinces such as Inner Mongolia and Gansu always maintaining a state of low-low agglomeration(LL).Through analyzing the intra-group features and their time trend,several conclusions can be reached.First,the gap between formal and informal sectors are enlarging,because of the former undergoing a faster increasing velocity.Second,the sectoral discrepancies across regions are positively related to their levels of economic development.Third,in contrast with other regions,the gender gaps of estimated results are more obvious in east areas,and the gaps are overall converging with a decelerating speed.Fourth,due to ‘spill-over' effect of education in developed regions,the estimated differences between various education levels are apparently more pronounced in east area.Fifth,in comparison to other groups,the average human capital index of college graduates reveals a stronger rising momentum.Sixth,due to the faster increasing trend of younger groups,there are great differences in human capital stock among various age groups,with the calculated outcome of young migrant workers being more than 100 times of the elderly groups.The analysis of features in interactive variable distribution reveals more intensive pictures.The conclusions of gender sector cross-analysis are as follows: First,the gender difference in per capita human capital stock is more pronounce for the employed group,though the gender gaps are narrowing in both sectors.Second,human capita discrepancies between men and women are narrowing in the developed provinces,where the gaps are more obvious.Two main conclusions for the cross-analysis of sector and education can be reached.First,with the improvement of education level,the per capita human capital stocks of self-employed groups increase more rapidly than their counterparts.Second more economically developed provinces witness more pronounced educational levels discrepancies both in informal and formal sectors.The main conclusions for the interactive analysis of gender education are as follows: First,with education level rising,the gender gaps of the per capita human capital stock are reducing,as a result of higher return rate of education for women.Second,with the development of economy,the gender differences among groups with various education levels reveal a convergent trend.Aiming to disclose the underlying reasons behind the low-level human capital equilibrium for rural migrant workers,this paper compares human capital determining mechanisms between urban and migrant workers.By controlling the possible divergence between income and labor productivity,we derive following empirical conclusion.First,the low level of human capital in rural workers are mainly caused by their low education levels,which exert a vast negative impact on their labor productivity.Second,owning to lack of training opportunities,rural laborers' productivity gap relative to urban counterparts are expanded through career path,with the longer unemployment spell of migrant workers furtherly deteriorating the situation.Third,intergenerational transforming paths of human capital seem to be invalid for migrant workers,under the extended family models with more siblings.Fourth,social capital can alleviate the degree of information asymmetry and shorter the unemployment spells,thus exerting a positive impact on the accumulation of human capital.Therefore,the low social capital level of rural workers also plays a significant role in explaining the low labor productivity for them.Fifth,owning a labor contract and labor union membership can significantly promote the employment stability andincrease the training opportunities,which further contribute to the productivity disparity between urban and rural labor.Notwithstanding,firm and industry features seem to contribute little for the urban-rural productivity differences.At last,from the perspective of dual labor market,industry design,education policies and employment protection,this paper proposes several feasible policy suggestions,urging relevant government sectors to construct the human capital index as early as possible.