The Impact Of Off-Farm Employment Types On Agricultural Production Efficiency In Hilly Areas Of Jiangxi Province

Since the reform and opening up,China's large-scale rural labor force continued to transfer to urban and non-agricultural sectors,to bring rapid growth of household income,and also had a profound impact on agricultural production.First of all,rural labor force participate in off-farm employment led to a large number of rural young labor lost,the"aging" and "feminization" of agricultural production is obviously,and thus affecting agricultural output productivity,hinder agricultural technological progress,lack of agricultural management successors.Secondly,rural labor force participation in off-farm employment has led to the phenomenon of abandonment in some areas,seasonal abandonment,and extensive management,low utilization efficiency of agricultural land and significant loss of agricultural technical efficiency.At the same time,the agricultural land circulation market in rural areas gradually developed,the transfer of agricultural land from the beginning of reform and opening up almost no country now nearly one third of the circulation of agricultural land has undergone a major change.Then,at the off-farm labor market and agricultural land transfer market are maturing in the circumstances,what kind of relationship between them,what is mechanism of off-farm employment on agricultural land transfer?What kind of impact in off-farm employment and agricultural land transfer on agricultural production efficiency?This is the question that needs to be answered in this study.In rural areas of the developing world,a typical feature is the imperfect of factor markets development.As the two basic factors in agricultural production,the development of labor force and land markets are highly expected by academia.How these two factors affect each other and how off-farm employment affects agricultural production,has great significance for farmers' food production,economic income,and even broader national food security,agricultural land scale management and economic development.Based on the household survey data in hilly areas of Jiangxi Province,this paper general analyzes the impact of factor market development on agricultural production,analyzes the impact of off-farm employment decision-making behavior on decision-making behavior of agricultural land transfer,and analyzes Effects of off-farm employment on agricultural land input and agricultural production efficiency respectively.Although there is little difference between the research topics and the previous studies,this paper shows that it is not the same as the previous research on specific research issues.For example,this paper distinguishes the disparity of different off-farm employments types(such as local off-farm employment and migrant off-farm employment)on agricultural land transfer when studying the impact of off-farm employment on rural land transfer;In the study of the impact of off-farm employment on agricultural land input,this paper will be divided into agricultural land input into their own labor input and capital factors input;In the study of the impact of off-farm employment on agricultural production efficiency,this paper not only distinguishes the differential impact of local off-farm employment and migrant off-farm employment on agricultural production efficiency,but also measures agricultural production efficiency with multiple indicators.Specifically,the main body of this study is divided into the following three parts:1.Effects of different off-farm employment types on agricultural land circulation.First,this study makes a theoretical analysis of the impact of off-farm employment on agricultural land transfer.This paper argues that the rural labor force participation in off-farm employment not only promoted the development of off-farm labor market,but also led to the development of other factors market in rural areas.On the one hand,the participation of rural labor force in off-farm employment will lead to a decrease in the number and quality of labor force involved in agricultural production,and will produce the number of labor constraints and quality constraints effect of labor on agricultural production,because the rural labor force involved in off-farm employment are high-quality young and middle-aged labor,and the elderly and women who stay in agricultural production.The proportion of labor-land factors is changed by the loss of agricultural labor force,which strengthens the farmer's labor constraint,in order to overcome this constraint,agricultural households adjust the proportion of labor-land factors by participating in the agricultural land circulation market;On the other hand,rural labor force participates in off-farm employment will lead to an increase in off-farm employment income,and the off-farm employment of family members through the remittance way to make the family income increases,improve the level of capital mobility,promote the family has the ability to overcome the risk of capital constraints and liquidity risk,and then the family has ability of resist the risk of agricultural production uncertainties.At the same time,this study distinguishes the effects of different types of off-farm employment,argues that the effect of number of labor constraints and quality constraints are greater than the local off-farm employment,because the location of migrant off-farm employment is in outland,the opportunity cost of farming is relatively high.Then,this study uses the bivariate Probit model to test the jointness of agricultural households off-farm employment decision-making and agricultural land transfer decision-making,because these two decisions may be made at the same time,and there may be endogenous between them.The results show that there is jointness between the decision-making of agricultural household's local off-farm employment and agricultural land flow decision-making,Therefore,this paper chooses the appropriate instrumental variables for local off-farm employment.Finally,this paper uses the Probit model to examine the impact of different types of off-farm employment on agricultural land circulation.The agricultural land transfer is divided into agricultural land inflow and agricultural land outflow.The off-farm employment is divided into migrant off-farm employment?mix off-farm employment and local off-farm employment,and examines their relationship respectively.The results show that migrant off-farm employment and mix off-farm employment have significantly negative impacts on agricultural land inflow,and have impacts on agricultural land outflow but did not significant;local off-farm employment has significant negative impact on agricultural land outflow.Therefore,according to the conclusion of this section,under the background of vigorously promoting the scale of agricultural land management,we should develop non-agricultural industries in cities and towns,attract farmers to transfer jobs in different places,and create conditions for agricultural land circulation.2.The effect of different off-farm employment types on agricultural land input.This section divides farmland into own labor input and capital input,at the same time,from the perspective of off-farm employment subdivision,a comprehensive look at the impact of different types of off-farm employment on agricultural land input.Due to the existence of the labor loss effect of off-farm employment,in the case of a certain amount of total labor force in the family,one of the consequences of farmers' participation in off-farm employment is the reduction in labor force in agricultural production,but because of participation in off-farm employment of family members are mostly young and middle-aged labor force,which will result in an increase in the agricultural time of the labor force,so the impact direction of off-farm employment on their own labor input is not uncertain.Agricultural households tend to replace the lost labor force with capital factors,and capitalist factor inputs may increase after agricultural households participate in off-farm employment.Afterwards,this part has done the regression analysis of agricultural household's participation in the general situation of off-farm employment and different off-farm employment types of agricultural land input,the first group of regression results found that off-farm employment had a significant negative impact on their own labor input and had a significant positive impact on capital input;the second group of regression results showed that local off-farm employment and mixed employment had significant negative effects on their own labor input,mixed off-farm employment have a significant positive impact on capitalist inputs.3.The effect of different off-farm employment types on agricultural production efficiency.This section identifies the transmission path of off-farm employment affecting agricultural production efficiency.This paper argues that off-farm employment can influences agricultural production efficiency by influencing agricultural land transfer and agricultural land inputs.From the perspective of agricultural land transfer,Farmland transferred from low-efficiency farmers to high-efficiency farmers,make the efficiency of agricultural production of low-efficiency farmers increased,and the efficiency of agricultural production of high-efficiency farmers is reduced,finally the overall increase in agricultural production efficiency.From the perspective of agricultural land inputs,agricultural households tend to use capital elements to replace the lost labor force after participate in off-farm employment,will eventually enable farmers to increase capital investment,thereby increasing the agricultural production efficiency.In addition,this paper argues that the impact of off-farm employment on agricultural production efficiency is endogenous,and the improvement of agricultural production efficiency will also encourage agricultural households to participate in off-farm employment,therefore,this paper chooses the appropriate instrumental variables to return the off-farm employment variables.And agricultural production efficiency is a comprehensive concept,in order to reflect the agricultural production process fully,this paper select the land productivity,labor productivity,cost profitability and technical efficiency of agricultural production efficiency,and divided off-farm employment into local off-farm employment and migrant off-farm employment,then regress the above-mentioned four kinds of efficiency indicators respectively.The results show that Although the local off-farm employment have a significant impact on some intermediate variables,the combined effects on the indicators of agricultural production efficiency are not significant,indicate that local off-farm employment is difficult to influence agricultural production efficiency through intermediate variables;In addition to cost profit rate,mix off-farm employment have a significant positive impact on land productivity,labor productivity and technical efficiency;for migrant off-farm employment,its combined effect on land productivity and technical efficiency is significant and positive.Based on the above conclusions,this paper proposes the following policy recommendations:(1)continues to encourage and support agricultural households to transfer jobs in different places,optimize labor migration channels,and strengthen the re-employment training of transfer labor force;Focus on the development of urban non-agricultural industries,especially the tertiary industry,to create more jobs and to absorb the rural population transfer to urban;Promote the urbanization of migrant workers,take the way of personal payment and the government support,absorb the migrant workers into the urban social security system,while to achieve rural migrant workers local urbanization.(2)Build agricultural land circulation information platform,encourage agricultural households to transfer land,use a variety of media to carry out targeted publicity work,so that agricultural households willing to participate in the transfer of agricultural land will fully aware of the benefits involved in agricultural land transfer;cultivate new agricultural management main body,develop appropriate scale operation;cultivate professional organizations of social services,reduce agricultural household's planting costs,encourage agricultural households to trust the land.