Transformation Of Labor Subject,Social Contradiction And Liberation Path In The View Of Biopolitics

Hardt and Negri wrote three books named Empire,Multitude and Commonwealth,as their core texts,which are called a "trilogy" of radical political philosophy of contemporary Italian Autonomist Marxism.In the books,they outline a political project of radical liberation philosophy in which a multitude’s subject resists a biopower of Empire,implements a plan of exodus from capital relationship and constitutes Commonwealth in the era of global capitalism.Hardt and Negri inherit the position of early Italian Autonomist Marxism that labor is prior to capital and resistance is prior to power.They put forward the theory of Empire in the era of global capitalism based on the political historical view of workers’struggle and capital response.They believe that the world market has realized the real subsumption of labor within global capital,but this means that the imperialism centered on nation-states is retiring from the stage of history and the Empire beyond nation-states is emerging.In Empire,the economic power of capital and the sovereign power of Empire are combined to form a system of global hierarchical power.In a state of exception and a intervention of police,the biopower tightly rules everyone and a global society of control emerges.In Eempire,there are multitude’s subject which resists the biopower of empire.They have a greatly resistant power and a creative potential,and could take a mission of the liberation.Because a hegemony of immaterial labor emerges in the system of global capitalist production,the immaterial labor itself is a strong production of subjectivity,thus it is biopolitical and the immaterial labor itself is biopolitical production.This kind of production breaks down the boundaries of between economy,politics,society and culture,and integrates them into one production.It is not only an economic foundation but also a superstructure;it is not only an autonomy production of singularity,but also a common production of social integration.These characteristics allow the process of immaterial labor to be organized by the autonomy of multitude and reject the external intervention of capitalists.Then capital develops the abstract and extractive forms of finance capital which appropriates the common wealth produced by immaterial labor through taking the form of external exploitation.As a result,neoliberalism privatizes natural commons and artificial commons,and implements policies of flexibility,mobility,and instability in the post-Fordist era,thus makes "the poor" appear.This kind of subject is no longer the class subject of Marxism,but the subject of global social production.In postmodern times,labor subject has undergone transformation.Hardt and Negri formed their concept of“social production”through their concept of "factory-society".Biopolitical production is a global social production,and the hegemony of biopolitical production is also the global hegemony of social production.One side of the multitude’s independent resistance is constituted by the hegemony of biopolitical production,but the other side of the imperial sovereignty exercises its biopower.Thus,these formed a kind of dual antagonism between the multitude’s counterpower and the capital power,which constitutes a opposing power relationships.Marxist view of "immanent contradictions "between productive forces and relations of production is replaced by the external dual antagonism between ounterpower and power by Hardt and Negri setting.Biopolitical production tends to the hegemony,thus it makes variable capital increasingly separate from constant capital,and makes the multitude autonomously and creatively produce.With constant capital being more and more external to the productive process,the capitalist class could only occupy the common wealth of biopolitical production by financial exploitation.Hardt and Negri think that there is a growing rupture within the organic composition of capital.The rupture provides an objective premise for the multitude’s exodus from capital relationships.In imperial era the exodus is the most effective strategy for the liberation of the multitude through peacefully leaving the capital power relationships.The revolution of Marxism has been transformed into the exodus.The multitude is not only politically revolutionary but also constructive and ethico-political.In the process of exodus from capital relationships,they carry out the institutional process of the Commonwealth with pursuing "absolute democracy" as the key aim of action.The multitude combats the leadership of any centralized organization,advocates full tolerance,implements decentralized organization and practices democratic communication.They carry out democratic organization,democratic management and democratic decision-making.Because of a infection of love,the multitude exercises "a constituent power" in its assembly.Institutionalization has a common principle formed in regular interactions among the multitudes.Marx’s communist goal as an economic form has been transformed into communism as a political form.Because Hardt and Negri empirically understand the capitalist relations of production in their contemporary philosophy of radical liberation politics,they specially emphasize the empirical dimension of productive technology and ignore the essential dimension of its capital relations.Then their negation of Marx’s scientificTheory of Labor Value is a complete misjudgment,their multitude subject becomes an ion,their exodus becomes a fantasy and their absolute democracy becomes a utopia.