The Study Of Second Internat Ional Marxist Pol Itical Phi Losophy

The second international Marxist political philosophy is an important part of the second international Marxism.Based on the capitalist society,the second international theorists follow the basic form of political philosophy of Marx and Engels,respond to the new changes in capitalism and the new developments of the proletarian revolution.Clarifying the basic thought of political philosophy of Marx and Engels and looking back at the historical situation of the second international Marxist political philosophy are the preconditions for studying it.Realizing socialism through the proletarian revolution is Marx's and Engels's lifelong pursuit.They explain their understanding of the proletariat as the subject,the proletarian revolution as a means and the country and the dictatorship of the proletariat as the consequence through the basic viewpoints and methods of historical materialism.Subject-means-consequence constitute the basic content and paradigm of the political philosophy of Marx and Engels.Engels made an important contribution to the establishment of the Second International The Second International experienced division,bankruptcy and reorganization after the death of Engels.It was in this historical situation that the second international Marxist political philosophy took shape.Generally speaking,the emergence and development of the second international Marxist political philosophy have an important historical background:the new changes of the capitalist world,the legitimate struggle in peacetime,the theoretical legacy of Engels in his later years,Bernstein's"countercurrent"and the victory of the October Revolution.Then three kinds of the second international Marxist politics formed:the right wing represented by Bernstein,the middle wingl represented by Kautsky and the left wing represented by Rosa Luxemburg.The core issue of the Second International Marxist Political Philosophy is"the Realization of Socialism."Based on this,the second international theorists have started thinking on three important issues:the subject in realizing socialism,the way of realizing it and the political construction in the Process of realizing it.The subject is the prerequisite for the realization of socialism.The masses are the subject of social history and the masses are concrete.In the capitalist society,the proletariat is the core part of the masses.Therefore,the proletariat is the core subject of the realization of socialism.Bernstein believes that the proletariat is a mixture of strata and can not become the subject of realizing socialism.The proletarian party,as a vanguard should,should change from a revolutionary party to a reform party in a new era.Bernstein denied and dissolved the historic role of the proletariat and its political parties Marx and Engels have affirmed.Kautsky argued that the proletariat is the main force of the socialism carrer,the proletarian party is an advanced party and the people's party.Kautsky affirmed the party's historical contribution.But after the October Revolution,Kautsky's understanding of the proletariat and its political parties reversed,he eliminated the class nature of the proletaria'n political party.Luxembourg emphasized that the working class is a historical category,is an advanced force for realizing socialism.Luxembourg illustrates the relations between leaders,parties and the masses.In understanding of the subject,the second international theorist further elaborates the way of realizing socialism,either in a revolutionary way or in an improved way.The debate about revolution or improvement results from Bernstein'sultimate goal"and"movement"proposition.Kautsky and to criticize the Bernstein's"ultimate goal"and"movement"proposition,they think the goal the seizure of power by the proletariat revolution can't give up,but Kautsky's old age in awareness of this problem is similar to Bernstein.Bernstein believes that,the revolution is out of date and socialism can be realised through the improvement of peace under the new conditions.According to Kautsky,the way to realize socialism depends on the specific historical situation.Social revolutions include both peaceful and violent forms.However,Kautsky embarked on a path of improvement in his later years.Luxembourg interpreted the revolution dialectically,believing that revolution was both a means and a purpose.In response to the reality,Bernstein,Kautsky and Luxembourg evaluated the October Revolution from different dimensions.Bernstein argues that the October revolution was not a socialist revolution,but an adventure that set back history;Kautsky also denied the socialist nature of the October Revolution as the last bourgeois revolution;Luxembourg emphasized that the October Revolution was a socialist revolution,in line with Russia's political and economic conditions,and the October Revolution saved the honor of international socialism.The political state and political value are the basic contents of political construction in the process of socialist realization.The second international theorist who lives in the capitalist society must consider the political construction in the process of realizing socialism in both theory and practice.Bernstein argues that Marx's view of state is a critique.Regarding this as a theoretical basis,he examines the capitalist countries as well as proletarian dictatorship country.He affirms the democracy in capitalist countries and criticizes the proletarian dictatorship as a socialist democracy.Taking his understanding of Marx's view of state as the theoretical foundation,Kautsky examined the capitalist countries and the dictatorship states of the proletariat and regarded the democratic republics as the direction of future state.On the basis of this,Kautsky started evaluating capitalist democracy and emphasized that democracy is the abolition of dictatorship.Starting from the internationalism standpoint of the proletarian,Luxemburg believed proletarian revolution is better than the foundation of capitalism country and she thought that only when the proletarian revolution win can the nation be liberated.The central proposition which Luxembourg has interpreted of "democracy" is the proletarian dictatorship is the socialist democracy.On the basis of this proposition,Luxembourg dialectically criticized the capitalist democracy and elaborated on her understanding of socialist democracy during her debating with Lenin.Lenin's analysis and criticism of the second international Marxist political philosophy focuses on such aspects as"leaders,political parties,classes and masses,""state and revolution,"and"democracy and dictatorship".Lenin criticized Axelrillo for confusing the difference between the party and the proletariat and stressed that the proletarian party is the vanguard of the proletariat and the broad masses.Lenin also criticized Luxembourg's view of exaggerating the spontaneity of the proletarian movement and ignoring the role of the leader and emphasized that leaders played very important role in presiding over the proletarian party and leading the proletarian revolution.Lenin criticized the mistake of the second international opportunist in exaggerating the state's social management function and eliminating the class dominance.He emphasized that although the country has the "dual functions" of political rule and social management,it is essentially a tool for the ruling class to exercise class rule.Besides,Lenin criticized Kautsky et al for denying the socialist nature of the October Revolution and stressed that the October Revolution is a socialist revolution in keeping with the laws of social and historical development.He riticized Bernstein and Kautsky for their understanding of democracy as "pure democracy" and advocated capitalist democracy and emphasizied the class nature of democracy.He believed that democracy and dictatorship is dialectical.The second international Marxist political philosophy has both gains and losses.In theory,its contribution is mainly to propagandize and defend Marxism,and formed many valuable ideas;its defects are mainly to dispel the "revolutionary character"and"dialectical character"of Marx and Engels' political philosophy.In practice,itshysteresis focused mainly on the fact that the second international theorists and the leaders of social-democratic parties in various countries failed to actively guide the proletariat to carry out the revolution at the crucial moment of the revolution,thus losing the opportunity of the revolution.Its new exploration mainly focused on putting the theory of socialism into practice from one country to many countries.The development of Eastern socialism developed in the continuous reform.But we should treat democratic socialism in the West critically.Taking the gains and losses of the second international Marxist political philosophy as a mirror,we must correctly understand and support the leadership of the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core in the construction of the political philosophy of contemporary Chinese Marxism.We must not only uphold the political connotation of revolution but also take hold of the social connotations of the revolutionary and persist the dialectical unity of socialist democracy and dictatorship with Chinese characteristics.