The Research Of The Ethnic Relationship Between Hui And Han Nationalities In Ningxia During The Period Of The Republic Of China

In modern times,as an important area inhabited by minority people in China,the northwest area underwent unstable political situations and intense social changes.Social contradictions became increasingly complex while the struggle for interest intensified.Because of the gradually emergence of Northwest Hui Warlord represented by Ma Fuxiang,the local ethnic relationship was endowed with obvious characteristics of the times and distinct regional characteristics.Ever since Ming Dynasty,with the strengthened ability of Northwest Hui Warlord represented by Ma Fuxiang to control the in Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai,the relationship between Local Hui and Han nationalities had become complicated and changeable owing to the impact of Hui uprising in Shanxi and Gansu in the late Qing Dynasty.For Ningxia,a relatively concentrated inhabited region by Hui people,though before 1929,the province had not yet been set,it played an important role in the evolution of the political situations in the northwest.The relationship between local Hui and Han people was negatively influenced by the increasingly strained relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Gansu province while it tended to be positive at the same time because of the harmony between Hui and Han nationalities and mass base.As a result,the relationship between local Hui and Han nationalities covered a new and unique way in the process of its development.This paper includes the following seven parts:Part Ⅰis a preface,in which related topics covered in this issue and academic research status are introduced.First,this paper reviewed the general situations of research on thoughts during the period of the Republic of China,and built the theoretical basis of the relationship between Hui and Han nationalities.Secondly,this part respectively expounded the issues like the relationship among the Warlords MA,Han rulers,the Anti-Japanese War and the central government,discussed the research results in aspects including causes,characteristics,history status and other details relevant to the formation of Hui Warlord.In terms of specific research on characters,this paper focused on the research on case studies of Ma Fuxiang,and Ma Hongku,and explored the political and historical significance during the time when the two ruled Ningxia.Thirdly,this part launched a comprehensive review on ethnic relations,which is related to many aspects including the research into the late Qing Dynasty,the period of the Republic of China,the history of ethnic relationship in Gansu,Ningxia,and Qinghai in modern times,national history and ethnic relations and the history of ethnic relations,the history of Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai as well as the local northwestern regions.this part also systematically reviewed and introduced both the history of ethnic relationship and the current research status and main results of local history in northwestern regions represented by Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai in modern times.Part Ⅱreviewed the development process of the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia before the period of the Republic of China,providing historical and theoretical basis for the study of the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of the Republic of China.First,this paper systematically described the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia in history,involving the formation of Hui,its historical status,national characteristics and distribution patterns,etc..This part focused on the relevant situations of Northwestern regions and Hui nationalities in Ningxia.Secondly,this part reviewed the brutal suppression of the Northwestern Hui People’s Revolt by Zuo Zongtang and its historical influence from a historical perspective,and vividly reflected the evolution of the Northwest Hui distribution pattern in the course of great historical changes.Third,this part reviewed and reflected the development and changes of the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia as well as related historical lessons in the late Qing Dynasty,which provided a useful reference for the way to correctly handle ethnic relationship.Part Ⅲ analyzed the national policy of the period of the Republic of China,providing the basis for explaining the historical role of mainstream ideology of that time and the evolution of the ethnic policies during the period of the republic of China.First,this part focused on the formation,development,evolution and main points of Sun Yat-sen’s ethnic thoughts,and interpreted the continuity and evolution of the ideals of “the Three People’s Principles” and “Five Nationality Unity for a Republic”.Secondly,taking Sun Yat-sen’s ethnic thoughts as a breakthrough,it reviewed the ethnic policy during the period of the Northern Government,systematically analyzed the specific content of the ethnic policy of that time as well as the pros and cons of historical significance,and revealed the background related to the role of ethnic policies.Thirdly,this part comprehensively demonstrated Chiang Kai-shek’s inheritance and development of Sun Yat-sen’s thoughts,and illustrated the main content of Chiang Kai-shek’s ethnic ideology,historical significance and negative impacts which laid theoretical basis for exploring the trend of ethnic relations during the period of Nanjing National Government.Part Ⅳ investigated the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of Northern Warlords,and lifted the curtain on the evolution of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of the Republic of China.First,this part reflected the facts of the rise of the strength of Hui in northwest,the awareness of national spirit and the revitalization of the nation by systematically discussing the national viewpoint of "peace between Hui and Han nationalities,and harmony among different nationalities” and the comprehensive policy of supporting Hui and Islam.Secondly,this part described the crisis of change the governor of Gansu,and its impacts on the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia and highlighted the rationality of Ma Fuxiang’s national policy by making a contrast of the tense relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Gansu and the peaceful relation between Hui and Han people in Ningxia.Thirdly,this part illustrated the process of the development of the relationship between Hui and Han nationalities during the period when Ma Hongbin governed Ningxia three times,and respectively introduced the development process of the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities by making contrasts.It sketched the contours of the development process of the ethnic relationship getting relatively mitigative and gradually better when the relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Gansu is tense,which indicated the importance of the peace between Hui and Han nationalities as well as the harmony among different nationalities at a different angle.Fourthly,this part summarized the development and characteristics of the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of northern warlord,and reached the history conclusion that the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia slowed forward after it experienced twists and turns by making comparisons with the ethnic relationship between Hui and Han nationalities in Gansu,taking into account the specific ethnic policies and related measures.Part Ⅴ described the evolution of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of the rule of the armed forces of the Republic of China and demonstrated the tortuous development history of the ethnic relations at that time which suffered from the impact of great historic events.First,this part began with the activities of the armed forces of the Republic of China in northwest and Ma Fu-xiang’s family,demonstrated the historic status of Ningxia in historical background and geographical pattern at that time,and reflected the strengthened control power of Ma Fu-xiang in Ningxia.Secondly,this part discussed the negative impacts on Hui nationality,including the massive conflict between Hui and Han nationalities in Gansu and Ma Chung-ying’s twice scrambling Ningxia by means of historical narration and theoretical analysis of Hehuang event and Liangzhou event which twice did great harm to the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia.It also discussed the efforts and historical significance of Ma Hongbin and Ji Hongchang in the restoration of social order and their repair of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities,and outlined the tortuous development process of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities.Thirdly,this part summarized the development trend and characteristics of the times of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of the rule of the armed forces of the Republic of China,and explored the reasons why he ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia got worse and its historical lessons by means of making comparison with the period of the rule of Ma Fuxiang.Part Ⅵ systematically discussed the development process of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of the Nanjing Kuomingdang government,and it analyzed the specific content of the ethnic policies of that time and its inheritance and innovation on the ethnic policy of the period of Northern Warlords Government of China.It explored the positive measures and its historical significance of Ma Hongbin in terms of promoting the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia.Then,it demonstrated the historical fact how the Hui and Han nationalities rose as one man to fight the Japanese aggressors during the period of the Anti-Japanese War when Sino-Japanese national contradiction became the principal contradiction in Chinese society,and it also discussed the positive influence and promoting role of domestic political environment and the ethnic relations pattern in the development of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia.Thirdly,this part discussed Hui uprising in Haigu three times,and the hostile attitude and bloody suppression of the Kuomintang rulers from a historical point of view,which reflected the negative impacts of the still sharp internal contradictions and class contradictions on the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia.Fourthly,it summarized the development and time characteristics of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia during the period of the Nanjing Kuomingdang government.It described the relevant facts and their causes of the gradually restored relations between Hui and Han nationalities during that period by making a comparison with the terrible relationship between Hui and Han people in Gansu,and affirmed the main theme of ethnic relations “peace between Hui and Han nationalities,and harmony among different nationalities”,which was built since the period of Ma Fuxiang.Part Ⅶ,functioned as the conclusion part,made an orientation and objective evaluation of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in modern times from the perspective of history and ethnology,investigated the great negative effects of the Qing government’s bloody suppression of the uprising in Hui people in Shan’xi,Gansu on the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities,and analyzed the development process and its causes of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities during the period of the Republic of China.Secondly,it systematically described the brand new look that the implementation of the Chinese Communist Party’s ethnic policies on the development of the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia,highlighting the correctness and reasonableness of the ethnic ideals like the ethnic equality,unity between Hui and Han nationalities and defending Itself and so on.Finally,based on the contemplation of history and reality,it discussed the related lessons of handling the ethnic relations between Hui and Han nationalities in the local place,and pointed out the historical reference and inspiration in dealing with our country’s current ethnic relationship.