Research On The Chinese Identity Of Ming Dynasty,Mongolia And Jurchen (1368-1644)

In 1368,Zhu Yuanzhang replaced Toghon Temür,the Yuanhuizong,as emperor in central China and established the Ming Dynasty.In 1644,Zhu Youjian,emperor Sizong of the Ming Dynasty,hanged himself and the Shizu of the Qing Dynasty entered the Customs and established a national regime.In this period,in addition to the Ming dynasty,there were mongolian-centered regimes in the north of China and Jurchen tribes in the northeast.Until the early 17 th century,Nuerhachi,the leader of the Jurchen nationality,rose up,integrated the Jurchen tribes,established an independent regime "Dajin",and conquered the Mongol Khan kings.The three forces finally integrated into a whole.As the intermediate point between the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty,it is particularly important to study the "China" identity of Ming Dynasty,Mongolia and Jurchen.The Ming Dynasty was between the unified Chinese Dynasty,the Yuan Dynasty,and the unified Chinese regime,the Qing Dynasty.It had its own characteristics in terms of "China" identity.In addition to thinking of itself as China,it also recognized the minorities as "China".The Mongol regime,which coexisted with the Ming Dynasty,considered itself the descendant of the Orthodox Yuan Dynasty of China,and also recognized the Ming Dynasty as "China".Jurchen's "China" identity is divided into two parts,In the early stage,he recognized the jurisdiction of the Ming government and thought that he was a part of the Ming regime.In the later period,Nurhachi established an independent regime called "Dajin",and he claimed to be the successor of the orthodox Dynasty of China.This paper takes the Ming regime,Mongolian regime and Jurchen ethnicgroups from 1368 to 1644 as the research object.Besides the introduction and conclusion,it is divided into three parts to analyze and demonstrate their "China" identity from different angles:The first part studies the "China" identity of the Ming Dynasty,divides the four important stages according to the important period of the development and change of the "China" identity of the Ming Dynasty,and analyzes in detail the "China" identity of the Ming Dynasty in different stages.The "China" in the view of The Ming Taizu included that the Han people,Han culture,central Plains and The Ming regime were "China",and that the borderland ethnic minority areas under the Ming dynasty were also China.More importantly,it has the historical identity that Liao Dynasty,Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty are the orthodox dynasties of China,and the Northern Yuan Dynasty of Mongolian is the continuation of Yuan Dynasty.Ming Chengzu's "China" identification thought inherited his father,but changed a little.He also believed that "China" indicated the political power,central Plains and Confucian culture,and that the Yuan Dynasty was the orthodox dynasty of China,while the Northern Yuan was China.Ming Chengzu put more emphasis on the idea of "All-chan-centered",vigorously recruited and appointed Mongolian and Jurchen surrender officials,believing that they belonged to "China"."Tumu war" was the first transition node of "China" recognition in the Ming Dynasty.Before the "Tumu war",the officers and soldiers of The Mongol and Jurchen surrender officials received higher treatment than those of the Han nationality.After the "Tumu war",the understanding of "China" became narrow,referring to the Ming Dynasty,the Central Plains,and the Han Dynasty.The Jiajing Period is another node of the identity transformation of "China" in the Ming Dynasty,when the Yuan Shizu was removed from the imperial temples of previous dynasties and the orthodox dynasty was removed from the Yuan Dynasty in the historical book of “The history of Song Dynasty”.The reason why Ming Shizong withdrew the sacrificial offering of The Yuan Shizu from the imperial temples was that the Northern Yuan dynasty raided the border of the Ming Dynasty,the contradiction was intensified,the demand ofpublic opinion,the superstitious thought of The Shizong of the Ming Dynasty and the enthusiasm of the ritual system.During this period,the rulers of the Ming dynasty did not suppress the anti-Yuan speech any more,and there appeared “The history of Song Dynasty”,which excluded the Yuan dynasty from the orthodox dynasty.Although some people denied the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty,the Ming government did not abolish the orthodox status of the official revision of the history of the Yuan Dynasty in Hongwu Period,and some scholars still agreed with the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty.The second part is about Mongolia's "China" identity from 1368 to 1644,which is divided into three sections according to self-identity and Ming identity.First of all,Mongolia claims to be the successor of China's Orthodox Yuan Dynasty After Toghon Temür get away from Dayidu,He did not give up his desire to overthrow the Ming Dynasty and restore the Da-Yuan,maintain the supra-vassal relationship with Korea,and propagandize Zhu Yuanzhang to steal the regime of the Yuan Dynasty and the illegality of the Regime of the Ming Dynasty.Although The Northern Yuan Dynasty could not overthrow the Ming Dynasty after Tegüs Temür,it still regarded itself as the descendant of the Yuan Dynasty of China.Big chieftain Andahan of Northern Yuan,etc.,called himself "Dayuan" in the communication with the Ming Dynasty,and rebuilt the "Dayuan" by taking advantage of Tibetan Buddhism's thought of "two ways of politics and religion".Secondly,the Northern Yuan Dynasty attached great importance to the national seal,which was regarded as the symbol of the orthodox Dynasty.Those who had to pass through the seal won the status of the orthodox ruler of China,and various forces within the Northern Yuan Dynasty began to fight for it.After receiving the national seal,Esen tai?i claimed to be "Da Yuan tian Shang da Khan" and claimed to be a descendant of the Yuan Dynasty in China,and established a political power that was orthodox in China.Finally,after Northern Yuan realized the inabilithy of overthrow Ming Dynasty,Under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism,the Northern Yuan constructed the "five colors and four Barbarian tribes",referring to the "Dayuan" Ming Dynasty was included.TheNorthern Yuan was opposed to the Ming Dynasty and unified in the "Five colors and four Barbarian tribes".The third part is the "China" identification of Jurchen in Ming Dynasty,which is specifically divided into The Jurchens in Jianzhou,The Jurchens in Haixi and the Jin regime established by Nurhachi.First of all,the various branches of the Jurchen in Jianzhou attached themselves to the Ming Dynasty,identified with the Ming Dynasty regime in China,and became a part of the political system of the Ming Dynasty.Yuan Huli changed the Jurchens to the Ming Dynasty,established of Jianzhou Wei.Woduoli chief Meng Ge Tamerlane surrendered to the Ming Dynasty and became the Zuo Wei of Jianzhou.He assisted the Ming Dynasty to capture Yang Mutawu,the leader of Jurchen who rebelled against the Ming.After the head of Wuduoli surrendered Erxun to the Ming Dynasty,he defended the territory and stopped the expansion of the Joseon Dynasty.Secondly,in the early Ming Dynasty,Haixi Jurchen belonged to the Ming Dynasty and assisted the Ming dynasty in dealing with Jurchen affairs.At the end of the Ming Dynasty,Haixi Jurchen chief Wang Tai loyal to the Ming Dynasty,arrested the rebellious Jianzhou right guard chief Wang Gao,reflecting the Haixi Jurchen to China's Ming Dynasty identity.Finally,in the latter part of the Ming Dynasty,left wei chief Nurhachi of Jianzhou rised and established the Dajin regime.He considered himself a descendant of the Jin Dynasty of China.The son of Chahal Lindan Khan surrendered to Huang Taiji and presented the treasure of Letters Patent,which Huang Taiji called "The Biography of the Great Seal of yuan" and claimed to be the orthodox dynasty of China.