Semu Jen Or People And The Politics Of The Middle And Late Yüan Dyansty

The Semu Jen or People,also known as Semu Jen,who were mainly composed of Huihui Jen,Qarluq Jen,Uyghur Jen,Qipchaq Jen and Qanqli Jen.A Taiwan scholar Hsiao Ch’i-ch’ing,who made a detailed research of the Semu Jen or People’s political activities from Genghis Khan to Kublai in his work Hsi-yüJen西域人or the“Westerners”and the Politics of the Early Yüan Dynasty.However,the political activities of the Semu Jen or People from Temür’s time to Toγan Temür’s which have not been written.Therefore,the dissertation takes the political activities of the Semu Jen or People in the middle and late of Yüan Dynasty as the main research object and tries to continue Prof.Hsiao’s work.The first chapter mainly studies the political activities of the Semu Jen or People in the Temür’s era.There are four sections.In the first section,I discussed the role played by Uyghur Jen Aruhunsali and Huihui Jen Sayyid·Bayan in the process of Temür’s accession to the throne.After the death of Jimgim Taishi,Kublai had a secret conversation with Uyghur Jen Aruhunsari.When Kublai kept to his bed,K?kachin Khatun entrusted to Sayyid·Bayan to ask for the question of heir,and finally confirmed the Temür as Khanate’s heir.The second section focuses on the political activities of the Qanqli Jen Buhumu in the period of Kublai and Temür.Buhumu became one of the ministers who accepted the Testamentary Edict of Kublai when he was dying.Because Buhumu was a boh.ol from Kublai’s family,but Wanze did not have this status and could not enter.After Temür ascended the throne,he first summoned the Chung-shu’s right prime minister Wanze,but Buhumu was summoned after a few days.In a deep level it reflected the complex relationship between Temür and his mother K?kachin Khatun.The third section is mainly about the financial activities of the Huihui Jen Sayyid·Bayan.Sayyid·Bayan had been accused by his political opponents about squandering money,he explained that the money had been used to provide relief to the people affected by the disaster,and that there were indeed accounts of the disaster in Chinese history materials.Kublai put Sayyid·Bayan in an important position in the late of Kublai’s era,were still needed in the Temür’s conservative politics,and at the time the provincial officials,most officials have close ties to Sayyid·Bayan’s financial team,which did not create the Shangshu sheng.In the process of financial management,Sayyid·Bayan controlled the rewards of the Princes,Princesses,Emperor’s sons-in-law and meritorious ministers,and checked the household registration from Chiang-nan region who was hated by the rich and powerful.In the end,Sayyid·Bayan’s finance team was involved in the case of Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan,and its members were dismissed.The fourth section focuses on Huihui Jen Ahmad was assassinated and the Huihui Jen Ali was given an important position.There is every indication that Ahmad was assassinated may have been linked to Jimgim Taishi,and that Kublai dug up Ahmad’s body and showed it to the public,which is only a stopgap measure to appease the public.Ali was a member of Ahmad’s party,but he was not close to Ahmad.So Ali was reinstated by Kublai shortly after Ahmad’s assassination.During the Temür era,Ali was valued by Sayyid·Bayan’s financial team and was favored by Temür.The second chapter mainly studies the political activities of the Semu Jen or People in the period of Qay?an and Ayuur balbad.There are three sections.In the first section,the political struggle between Queen Bulaqan and Harqasun is studied.After the death of Tishi Taishi,a faction of Queen Bulaqan,with the support of Sayyid·Bayan and others,planned to make King Anxi Ananda who was a believer in Islam.Harqasun supported the brothers Qay?an and Ayuur balbad,and in the period of their common effort to defeat Queen Bulaqan,Harqasun developed a soft spot for Ayuur balbad,because he was a Confucian advocate.But Qay?an had a strong military power and had the lineal primogeniture,so eventually Qay?an got the Khanate.In the course of Ayuur balbad went the North to seize the throne,Qarluq Jen Kü?ü,Beki-Temür and Han Jen(Chinese)Li Meng played a key role in his final determination to go to the North.The second section takes Qay?an’s “New Deal”as the research object.In the early years of his reign,Qay?an had a shaky political foothold,so he adopted a pacifying policy towards the Harqasun faction.After the death of Harqasun,Qay?an’s clique began to set up the Shangshu sheng,to conduct financial management activities and exclude the Confucian ministers.The third section is devoted to the study about Qay?an’s clique wasted crown prince at two times and Huihui Jen Hasan was given an important position by Ayuur balbad.In the processes of abolishing crown prince at two times,Qay?an did not agree.The compromise attitude of Huihui Jen Hasan to Temuder is related to the attitude of Ayuur balbad to his mother.The third chapter mainly studies the process of political power growth and decline of the Semu Jen or People in the period of Sidibala,Yisüntemür and T?btemür.There are four sections.The first section studies the political struggle between Sidibala and “Empress dowager’s clique”.After assuming the throne,Sidibala was first made crown prince by relying on “Empress dowager’s clique” and Qanqli Jen Toqta.After assuming the throne,Sidibala engaged in a political struggle with “Empress dowager’s clique”.Because Huihui Jen Hasan was close to Temuder and other members of “Empress dowager’s clique”,therefore,he was finally “killed” by Sidibala.In the second section,I explore the political tendency of Yisüntemür from the attitude of “present treasures” by the Huihui Jen in his time.Yisüntemür gave some preferential treatment to the Confucian ministers at the beginning of his reign.When his rule became stable,he paid less attention to the Confucian ministers,which can be reflected in his offering treasure to the Huihui Jen.The third section mainly studies formation of the political alliance between El-Temür and the Confucian officials.El-Temür and the Confucian officials did not get the satisfactory political status in Yisüntemür’s era,so they formed a political alliance with the aim of establishing Qay?an’s sons as the Khanate.The fourth section mainly studies Qipchaq Jen El-Temür’s political activities and the identity in the period of T?btemür.The main reason why did Qipchaq Jen El-Temür support T?btemür as an emperor? It was that T?btemür advocated Confucianism,which was in accordance with the political needs of the Confucian hierarchy.In the other hand,T?btemür and El-Temür’s cooperation to defeat “Shangdu clique”,they formed a common interest.In the time of T?btemür,the El-Temür’s family was more important than many Mongolian nobles,but the El-Temür’s family still regarded themselves as “Qipchaq”.That’s because “Qipchaq” was a great honor to the family.The fourth chapter studies political struggle between the people in the Semu Jen or People and Mongolians in the period of Toγan Temür.There are three sections.The first section takes inside story of El-Temür’s family fall as the research object.After T?btemür dead,El-Temür hoped to support T?btemür’s son El-Tegus as the emperor,but it went against Buddha?ri,so changed and made Kusala’s sons emperor.Because of the same political goal,Toγan Temür and Bayan formed a political alliance and finally defeated Qipchaq Jen El-Temür’s family.In the second section,the relationship between Toqta and Qanqli Jen Hama’s relationship was studied.Toqta and Qanqli Jen Hama had a good relationship at first,but because Toqta’s confidant Ru Zhongbai did not agree with Hama,Toqta was inclined to Ru Zhongbai,which caused Hama’s envy.Finally,Hama cooperated with Ayusiridara and Empress Ki to remove Toqta from office.The third section studies the political struggles between Qarluq Jen Laudi Shāh and Empress Ki,Ayusiridara.The relationship between the two factions is very complicated.In the end,Toγan Temür assassinated his supporter Bolod-Temür.After Bolod-Temür dead,the relationship between Empress Ki,Ayusiridara and K?ke-Temür was divided.