Literary Appearance And Position In Ideological History Of The "Manchuria" Repatriation Experience In Japan's Post-war Period

“Repatriation Literature” is an important literary phenomenon in the post-war Japanese literary world,and its main creation subjects are the Japanese migrated to Japan's former overseas colonies during Japanese invasion in China,returned to Japan after the defeat of Japan and implemented written record and literary creation centering on the experience.The post-war memories and literary creations of the ordinary people and writers with the repatriation experience have provided landmark historical testimony and the most basic experience text,which own irreplaceable literature value.Meanwhile,the repatriation experience is also an active resource deeply embedded in the venation of post-war Japanese political history,international relations history,social history and thought history.However,the activities on the important field of “Repatriation Literature” implemented by the academic circles in China and Japan at present is either limited to the introduction of works,or limited to the investigation and study on certain region or certain writer,which lead to the loss of historical depth in the literary study on specific subjects under certain specific historical contexts for lacking the perspective of vertical integration and "integrative" perspective and being insufficient in the excavation and thinking of its inherent complexity.The paper advances itself in the integrative perspective of mutual reflection of literature and history,takes the following items as its study objects,including texts relating to the "Manchuria" repatriation experience,the literary creation relating to repatriation theme,and discussion relating to the existing objects on "repatriation" in Japan's post-war history,adopts the method of close reading on text and combination of historical background and discussion on ideological history,investigate the literary appearance and the position in ideological history of the “Manchuria” repatriation experience in Japan's post-war period,and attempt to mend the flattening tendency in related studies.The main body of this paper is composed by six chapters,which show the following specific views:The First Chapter is based on the creation of Japan's “Continental Exploration Literature” during wartime,and traces the root of "Repatriation Literature" by reviewing the post-war “Repatriation Literature” from the "Continental Exploration Literature" in wartime.The “combative” narration of "Continental Exploration Literature" and the "mourning history" narration of "Repatriation Literature" are a pair of literary phenomena based on historical causality.The reasons for the little existence of injuring awareness and the wide existence of victim awareness in the "Repatriation Literature" are as follows: The individuals regard Mikado as absolute value,and their lack of subjectivity,etc.The Second Chapter takes the letter writing relating to the experience of the repatriates in the early post-war period as its investigation object,including their experiences,memoirs,etc.,and also investigates the reports relating to the "repatriation" in Japan's mainstream newspapers,including Asahi Shimbun,etc.The repatriates were subjected to cold reception and discrimination after they returned to the Japanese society and the media also presented two characteristics in reporting repatriation,including "compassionating it" and "vilifying it”.The marginalization of repatriates reflects the Japanese government's intention to rush out of the "Empire" image and rank among the democratic countries in the early post-war period.The avoidance of the "Manchuria" colonial history in the early post-war period also lead Japan to miss the best time to reflect on its war responsibility.The Third Chapter investigates the representative official history of “Manchuria”,the related discussion in ideological circles,the life notes of the repatriates returned to Japan and the literary and artistic works with repatriation theme occurred from the latter half of the 1950 s to the 1960 s.During the era mentioned above,Japan entered a period of rapid economic growth,and the experience of repatriation experience were began to be forgotten,and the tendency of beautifying its "youth" were gradually rising.The “Exploration Soul Monument” for commemorating the "Exploration in Manchuria" and the "Exploration History" made by the state or regions appeared on a large scale.The Fourth Chapter takes the special issue of "The Aggression and Repatriation Experience of Japanese" as its study object,and investigates the related discussions of Japanese post-war thinkers,including Takeuchi Yoshimi,Tsurumi Shunsuke,etc.,as well as the opinions from the ordinary repatriates showcasing in the “One Hundred Confessions of Repatriates” published in the special issue.The strong and unilateral victim emotion reflected in the “One Hundred Confessions of Repatriates” is the continuation of the keynotes in various literary and artistic works basing on the repatriation experience of Japanese made by Japan's intellectual community after the defeat of Japan.The incompleteness of Japan's post-war democratization reform,the genetic defects of modernization in East Asia,and the phenomenon of covering injuring awareness with victim awareness in the repatriation experience are the spiritual sources in the literary writing of the "mourning history" of repatriation.The Fifth Chapter takes the special interview of "Japanese Gamuses – Writers Born out of Repatriation Experience" as its study object,and explores the spiritual world of the second generation repatriates becoming the influential players in cultural circles.During the wartime,Japanese colonizers legalized their colonization in Japan's former colonies by beautifying their image.It also finds that their post-war adversities in their homeland can be attributed to the fact that “they are not recognized as Japanese citizens”,and this denial of Japanese identity is ultimately rooted in the inability to develop a feeling of empathy based on mutual understanding between Japanese people who never left the country and those repatriates.The Sixth Chapter summarizes the current study status made by China and Japan on the issue of later repatriates—Japanese orphans.Through interviewing Japanese orphans,the chapter provides an in-depth understanding on the living conditions and real difficulties of the group.In essence,“Repatriation Literature” is a very important foothold for thinking about post-war Japanese literature and post-war Japanese society,and the strong victim awareness embedded into the "Repatriation Literature" is closely related to the defects of modernization in East Asia and the incompleteness of Japan's post-war democratization reform.Repatriates and second generation repatriates were caught in serious mental crisis after returning to the post-war Japanese society and facing the confusion between homeland and foreign land and the bewilderment of identification.At present,the war orphans and the second generation of the orphans still face the same issue,and the repatriation experience is still an active topic in the literary and intellectual history.