| As an important political event that once had an impact on the development of contemporary academia,the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement has attracted the attention of researchers in political and ideological history."Judging Legalism and criticizing Confucianism" is a political movement launched in the field of culture.Its ideological complexity and pluralism have been recognized by academic circles.However,whether the political movement had any value in the proofreading,collation and research of Legalist works,and whether it objectively provided a preliminary accumulation for future classical studies,has not yet been taken seriously.What are the characteristics of a large number of Legalist works annotated by the political movement?What are the academic values of those works published in the 1970s and 1980s?These problems have not been carefully sorted out and discussed.In addition,as an objective existence that cannot be neglected in the growth process of a generation of scholars,the influence of the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement has been neglected intentionally or unintentionally.Therefore,on the basis of previous studies of political history and ideological history,the author intends to make a preliminary analysis of the classical studies during the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement,which are dominated by Legalists.The clarification of the origin,development,curtain and influence of the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement is the basis of relevant research.After the September 13 Incident,the Central Committee of the Party,under the guidance of Mao Zedong,turned the political movement from criticizing Lin Biao and rectifying the wind to criticizing Lin Biao and Confucius,reflecting the direction of the critical movement from criticizing "extreme left" to criticizing "extreme right".Because Mao Zedong did not intend to develop the situation of criticizing Lin Biao and Confucius from the ideological level to the situation of series and fighting,Jiang Qing,the executor of the movement,had to turn the focus of the movement to Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism.In the past,these two movements were regarded as one,but in fact,their development clues,logic and emphases are different.The extreme opposition between Confucianism and Legalism and the abuse of"innuendo history" have had a great negative impact.The implementation of the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement on the practical level is manifested in the publication and annotation of the enlarged works of "Legalists".This task is not the responsibility of political campaigners,so many professionals have been called to various commentary groups to annotate the works of "Legalists" who have lost their teeth,so as to popularize them among the people.As a political movement,Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism lasts for a short time,but the annotation work of ordinary scholars lasted until after the"Cultural Revolution".Therefore,the "ancient book fever" during the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement includes annotations produced during the movement,as well as works published in the 1970s and 1980s.In order to annotate the works of Legalists,various annotation groups of "three combinations" have been set up nationwide,such as the annotation group of Han Feizi of Nanjing University,the annotation group of the Book of Lord Shang of Shandong University and so on.There are many publications produced by the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement.Specifically,articles in official newspapers and magazines are the political vane of research;Various kinds of anthologies,pamphlets,loose-leaf anthologies have the characteristics of high repetition rate,large circulation and strong political color.Comparatively speaking,the works of some scholars and the "three combinations" annotation group have high academic content.The "fever of ancient books" caused by the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement has also enabled the publication of relevant ancient books besides the Legalists.This alternative phenomenon of "ancient book fever" is the result of ideological intervention in academia.Its subj ective motivation has nothing to do with academia,but objectively creates some academic achievements.During the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement,The annotations and studies of many Legalist works are not balanced,Book of Lord Shang,Han Feizi,Xunzi and Salt and Iron Theory are the top priority in the research.On the study of the Book of Lord Shang,some books have higher academic content.They are Gao Heng’s Translations and Annotations of Book of Lord Shang and Zhang Shitong’s Book of Lord Shang and the books New Notes on Shang Jun’s Books and Translation and Annotation of Shang Zi published by Shandong University.Among them,Gao Heng’s works are the best.Gao Heng’s book is the continuation of his scholarly studies and the summary of his studies on Shang Jun’s books over the years.On the whole,this book is a little bigger than its shortcomings,which cannot be ignored in the research history of the Book of Lord Shang.Shandong University Annotation Group of Book of Lord Shang has published two books,one is Selective Annotation,the other is New Annotation.After the Cultural Revolution,the commentary group changed from the three-in-one model to the expert group model.The expert group absorbed the achievements of the first two books and compiled the book Translation and Annotation of Shang Zi.The research on Han Feizi,Some books are representative,they are The Proofreading Notes of Han Feizi,the Notes of Han Feizi and the Index of Han Feizi.After the Cultural Revolution.Zhou Xunchu processed and sorted out the annotations of Han Feizi during the political movement,and published two books,Han Feizi’s Annotations and Han Feizi’s Notes,respectively,in the name of annotation groups and individuals.Zhou Zhongling and his colleagues have also compiled the Index of Han Feizi,which fills in the gaps in the study of Han Fei.Unlike Shang Yang and Han Fei,whether Xun Zi is a Confucianism or a Legalism has caused controversy in history.During the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement,Xun Zi was regarded as a Legalism because of his thoughts:following the Houwang’s Rules,advocating reform,emphasizing the distinction between heaven and man,mastering the destiny and use it.Xunzi has also become the "darling" of the publishing industry.Because its simple materialistic thought fits the mainstream thought of the movement,Tian Lun took the lead in the single commentary of The Scorpion.The annotated works of Xunzi are represented by Zhang Shitong’s Xunzi Jian Zhu and Xun Zi Xin Zhu published by Peking University.Xun Zi Jian Zhu was becoming the representative work of this period because the author had followed the basic norms of annotating ancient books.However,the "simplified note" style limits its in-depth study of the issues related to Xunzi.The book was written in 1974 and published in 1979.The changes in the situation of the times have made the book fade the color of the struggle between Confucianism and Legalism,and the academic nature has been highlighted.This book is re-released after a brief rewrite because of the fineness of the collation and the detailed comments.The Salt and Iron Theory is considered to be a representative event of the struggle between the Confucianism and Legalism because of the event of discussing the interests of salt and iron between the Yushi represented by Sang Hongyang and the Confucian scholars of various counties.Although the study of "Salt and Iron Theory" in the first 80 years of the 20th century is not lacking in people,it is always tepid.The study during this time is actually a small "peak" in the history of Salt and Iron Theory study,but the study of this small "peak" clearly has a strong color of Confucianism and Legalism struggle.Taking the annotations in the Ben Yi as an example,the translators are obviously biased towards the so-called "Fajia" Sang Hongyang,denouncing the Confucianism side,and the relevant comments are extremely objectiveWhen the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement,the team of legalism expanded dramatically,and Liu Zongyuan,Wang Anshi,and Zhang Taiyan all became "Fajia".The poems that Mao Zedong gave to Guo Moruo caused the proliferation of the study of Feudalism.The study of Liu Zongyuan at that time was a "reversal period" without reversed works.Wang Anshi became the legal representative of the Northern Song Dynasty because of the "three unworthy" spirit,and this spirit was also approved by Mao Zedong.Before the Qing Dynasty,Wang Anshi was "defamed for more than seven hundred years" because of the practice of reform.Since the Qing Dynasty,the image of Wang Anshi’s politicians and reformers has been recognized by people.This positive evaluation reached its peak in the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement and continued in the context of the reforms of the 1980s.In this time,Deng Guangming’s failure to rewrite his book Wang Anshi was more noticeable.After the "Cultural Revolution",he revised the book twice and created his "four-writing Wang Anshi" story.Because Zhang Taiyan praised Qin Shihuang’s unified merits,he affirmed the progressive nature of Shang Yi,Han Fei and others,and denied that Confucius was regarded as a "Fajia"representative.Mao Zedong’s arrangement on annotating Qin Zheng Ji and Qin Xian Ji directly led to the "big fever" of Zhang Taiyan’s research,which was represented by "Zhang Taiyan’s Poetry Annotation".After the "Cultural Revolution",Zhu Weizheng and Jiang Yihua of the editorial team jointly edited the book Selected Works of Zhang Taiyan and deepened their study of Zhang Taiyan.These academic achievements origins from the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement,have some commonalities.First of all,most of these annotations have chosen a reliable original version,which is the basis for their ability to enter the field of vision of future generations.Secondly,the overall collation achievement of these annotations is not outstanding,but there are also excellent people such as Shangjunshu Xin Zhu and Han Feizi Jiao zhu.Third,the achievements of these annotations in annotations and modern translations are more prominent,and they have a significant effect on the popularization of "Fajia" works.Fourth,these notes contain a "description" section that summarizes the basics and ideas of the annotated chapter.This part is greatly influenced by the times and is also the focus of rewriting after the Cultural Revolution.The most important academic legacy brought by the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement is that the middle-aged and elderly experts who participated in the movement cultivated a group of academic seeds in a special way.These young people have two major characteristics.First,academically "congenital deficiency".They have neither family studies nor books to read.After the "Cultural Revolution",colleges and universities stopped enrolling students,which made them lose the channels for promotion.Second,they are in a state of knowledge hunger,always looking for possibilities for learning.The absurd political movement of Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism movement provided them with the opportunity to touch and study ancient books,and to carry out the training of academic basic skills.Although the Pro-and Anti-Movement has promoted the development of classical studies to a certain extent,it cannot be ignored that the morbid phenomena exist in these publications:First of all,it is inevitable to have an analytical model of the struggle between the Confucianism and the Legalism;Secondly,the expression of the text is full of exaggerated revolutionary language to show its political correctness.Thirdly,those works that started in the Pro-Legalism and Anti-Confucianism Movement and published in the "Cultural Revolution" have mostly experienced the purification of the text,and the later the publication,the more thorough the purification.In addition,in the Movement Confucianism and Legalism formed an abnormal coexistence state with the mainstream culture under the leadership of politics.This state ended with the end of the "Cultural Revolution",but how to rationally deal with the relationship between mainstream values and traditional culture is a question worthy of long-term thinking. |
