The Humanistic Ecology Research Of Metropolitan Opera In The Late-Qing-Early-ROC Period

“Opera Ecology” refers to the overall state of opera and its natural and cultural environment for survival and development.Based on the degree of human influence on opera ecological influence,the opera ecology can be further divided into natural ecology and human ecology,and human ecology is the main factor.This paper takes the "human ecology" as a reference,and tries to study the living environment of urban opera in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China from both internal and external aspects.During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,in the dialogue between the opera activities and its external ecological environment,was the most important part.The main line that always runs through the interaction between the literati(reporter)and the opera staff is "adulation players." Because of the prevalence of male style and the rise of male art represented by Wei Changsheng,the custom of sporting with actors emerged during the middle and late Qing Dynasty.This custom developed into the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China has swept across the whole of society.In the form of this all-people revelry of adulation players,the process of evolution during this period and its motivation are thought-provoking.With the rise and prosperity of modern newspapers and periodicals,a large number of literati have become newspaper reporters.The newspapers and magazines of opera have also become the main carrier for literati’s review of adulation players.It is both the main position of the adulation players and the main battlefield of adulation players competing with each other.This paper focuses on the relationship between the development of the drama and drama newspapers and the literary activities behind them,and interprets some of the focus issues such as adulation players,sporting with actors,attention to famous dan,and concern for opera actress.In the external ecological environment of the development of opera,the opera of various social strata is also worthy of attention.This paper selects typical examples such as fancier at the box office,Manchu adherents,bureaucrats’ chaebols,gang organizations,female audiences,and brothel prostitutes,and discusses their participation in the operaactivities and their influence,focusing on their participation in the practice of opera and the bright or dark relationship between the opera staff besides the adulation players.During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,especially in the late 1920 s and early 1930 s,the dramatic atmosphere of the theater was extraordinary,a large number of famous names emerged,artistic skills continued to rise,schools flourished,and the development of traditional drama entered its heyday.However,with the introduction of Western drama and the creation of local new drama and civilized drama in the mainland,the theatrical world has emerged as a coexistence of old and new.The endless play of the new drama and the counterattack of the old drama caused the arguments between the old and the new dramas to intensify.The focus of the argument lies on the extent to which the old play’s social enlightenment function is reflected and the characteristics of the relative merits of the old and new plays such as "realism" and "freehand brushwork" are.Therefore,in the first 30 years of the 20 th century,the most noteworthy event in the drama community was the drama reform movement.At that time,the conflict evolution of the internal ecology of drama also concentrated on the improvement of drama.Drama improvement is the theme and the greatest historical feature throughout the development of the drama at that time.It is also the core issue of drama ecology.Most of the drama newspapers and magazines remained sober and rational in this tide of improvement.They unremittingly explored the causes of the decline of the old drama and the principles,measures,and goals of the drama improvement,and formed numerous complicated theoretical systems.The improvement measures involved actors,spectators,critics,theater actors,theater operators,screenwriters,teachers,and master teachers,covering all aspects of the participants in the drama activities.They also correspond to the drama ecology,script ecology,music ecology and inheritance ecology.This article focuses on the above aspects,systematically combing the main contents of the drama press,in order to be able to clearly reveal the characteristics and evolution of drama improvement at different stages,and provide references for the current drama rejuvenation.