The Historical Evolution Of Marx's Humanism

Marx's man theory construction went through his works all life.Man and his real dilemma,as a core theme,were always shown in those Marx's different period works.They concretely showed the questioning about the material benefit problems that leaded Marx to consider all his life.Among a series of those Marx's critical and revolutionary works,the man,as an theme,was shown in the course of his concrete theoretical logic construction.So the essential issues of this article are as follows:How did Marx develop his man theory? What revolutionary meanings can we get from the development about Marx's man theory?Firstly,rethink the standpoints of those metaphysical man theories in different eras as Marx's theoretical background.Before Marx,those theories about man included three different standpoints: religious standpoint,rational standpoint and experiential standpoint.They have their own different characteristics,have the same essence which was,in a sense,a rational construction standpoint and eventually appeal to an abstract and intuitive substance standpoint.Secondly,understand the man by the real “anschauung”.Facing the real material benefit conflicts,after rethinking the abstract ethical standpoint of Hegel's philosophy of law,Marx pointed out that human conflict or “alienation” originated from the civil society,the man himself should be rethought in the civil society and the human liberation should be realized in its own development of the private property.then,Marx denied the ethical construction standpoint about man.Thereafter,in the historical development of the private property,Marx revealed the inherent unity of those opposites about the private property,and indicated that the state of human alienation would be eventually sublated in its own historic movement of the private property.then,the human liberty would be actually realized.Meanwhile,Marx criticized the young Hegelians' abstract construction of man,and pointed out that they hadn't referred to the essence of “the real man and his life”,so they could only fall into the abstract and empty speculation.And on this basis,Marx confirmed and ensured the real construction standpoint of man.Thirdly,understand the man by the historical act.After affirming the realistic construction of man,Marx criticized Feuerbach's intuitive standpoint about man,and pointed out that the man was not a thing of the perceptual intuition,but a thing ofthose perceptual activities,constructed in the human society,“man's society or social man”.Thereafter,Marx totally criticized the young Hegelians,including Feuerbach.And Marx indicated that the man was “a real,living person”,and what's more,he was a person who worked in those material production activities,and in the development of those material production activities,the man produced himself and all his contents,which fact could be confirmed by those experiences.Therefore,from those experiences,or namely from “the positive science”,Marx outlined the objectivity of the man's historic development and the real probability of the man's own liberation.On the basis,Marx also criticized those subjective conclusions about the German Socialism.Hence,Marx broke through the intuitive construction about man,establishing the man himself in the experiential historical development of man's own material life.Finally,understand the man by the material relationship.Previously,in those experiential facts of the historical development,Marx affirmed the man,which could confuse or hide Marx's real intention about the man's material life because of the abstract trait from those empirical experiences.Then,Marx criticized the political economics again,denied the abstract and intuitive construction of those empirical notions,and found out the historic objectivity in those human material activities.Accordingly,Marx established the man's objective context in the historic objectivity,and recovered the objective essence about the man's historical development.Thereafter,in the society again,Marx revealed those various inherent “opposites” of those human activities and their complex associations each other.Thus,Marx showed those structural features of the human society itself and those basic rules of those developmental changes of this social structure.If we say there were still few empirical traces in the previous criticism,then in his final Das Kapital,Marx parsed those activities of the man's material life in a sense of the utter abstract and revealed the fact that the man was “materialized” by the capital and the outcome that the capital itself was necessarily ruined in the historical objective variation and development of its own objective structure of the capital.To sum up,in those continuous criticisms and arguments with the others,Marx showed the developmental changes of his basic standpoint about the man in his works:from the real “anschauung” to “the historical act”,and then to “the material relationship”.However,in general,Marx always confirmed the man's own real life,from the subjective construction to the objective construction about the man's real life.Eventually by embodied the man's realistic life in the real activity,Marx established his man theory in the historical materialism.