Research On Saint Concept And Saint Image In The Pre-qin Period

As a perfect ideal personality,saint represent the highest level in the aspect of morality,wisdom or power.Also saint culture is one of the most prominent characteristics of Chinese culture.In the pre-qin period,different people in different ways narrate saint.However there are different saint types between different periods,different classes,different schools even different menmbers in the same school.The manifestation mode of saint concept and saint image are also different in specific context,which contains two types,namely making one thing more clear or making one reason more full.This article mainly is divided into six chapters to research different saint concept and saint image in the historical classics,the Confusiont school books,the Taoist school books and the Legalist school books through the analysis of the specific embodiment of way.In this process,we take academic development in the pre-qin period as the main line and take specific texts in the pre-qin period as the research object.We try to search for common ground of saint concept and saint image in that period and summarize its present value and current significance.Chapter? is a research on meaning evolution and attribute about saint.Original meaning of saint shows a comprehensive ability based on strong ability of hearing but not only for this,namely listening something then saying something.The people owning this ability is also named saint later because of rational humanistic spirit.The meanings of saint became varied in the spring and autumn period.Saint has four attributes named moral,wisdom,politics and religion.In terms of moral attribute,it is not in the same level between saint and benevolence,righteousness,courtesy,wisdom,manifested as a kind of transcendence.In terms of wisdom attribute,saint contains a higher level compared with intelligence or clever,but the former also includes the latter.In terms of politics attribute,saint is mainly embodied in combining with monarch.Besides the name of saint can be used for ministers occasionally.In terms of religion attribute,saint is one of the qualities required wizard first as an ability.However saint and wizard have wizard the same duty based on communicating the relationship between man and god in many cases as an owner of ability.Secondly saint also has the characteristics of surpassing mortal and closing to god.Chapter?is an inductive research on saint concept and saint image in the historical classics such as The book of ancient history(????),YiZhouShu(?????),ZuoZhuan(????),GuoYu(????)and Strategies of the Warring States(?????).Saint concept and saint image in the The book of ancient history are embodied in thoroughly understanding the reason and having a kind heart.Saint concept and saint image in the YiZhouShu are mainly embodied in making things in order by complying with the time,benefiting for people,discovering able people and putting them at suitable posts,sparing no effort in the performance of his duty and so on.Saint concept and saint image in the ZuoZhuan and GuoYu are embodied in following the heaven and serving the gods,being full of talent and intelligence,knowing the moral and etiquette,being good at managing state affairs and so on,which refers to religious,intellectual,moral,and political fields.As for the saint type,the spring and autumn period can be considered as the the complete period of saint concept.Saint concept and saint image in the Strategies of the Warring States are embodied in being good at following time,understanding the change reason and having the courage to decide.Chapter?is an inductive research on saint concept and saint image in the Confusiont school books such as The Analects of Confucius(????),The Book of Rites(????)and The Rites by Dai De(??????),Mencius(????)and XunZi(????).Saint has noble higher than a gentleman and benevolent person in The Analects of Confucius,which shows the tall and mysterious characteristics.Saint concept and saint image in the The Book of Rites and The Rites by Dai De are embodied in knowing etiquette and perform it,keeping the virtue and loving the people,comprehending the doctrine and making all things orderly,especially“honest man”in The Doctrine of Mean(????)is the ideal saint in the minds of the grandson of Confucius.Saint in the Mencius belongs to the same with ordinary people,who can become the saint by improving personal accomplishment.Saint has the heart of love and implementates the benevolent governance and enlightenment,besides he can correct his own fault in a timely manner.Saint in the XunZi also belongs to the same with ordinary people,but he may become the saint by learning etiquette and law in order to correct the bad nature.Saint has humane and wisdom at the same time,who is good at summing rules and using them.Besides the several saint concept in theXunZi shows the Taoist,which is shown as sticking to humanitarian and not trespassing of heaven.Chapter?is an inductive research on saint concept and saint image in the Taoist school books such as DaoDeJing(????),LieZi(????),ZhaungZi(????),Four Classics of Huangdi(??????)and HeGuanZi(?????).It has the characteristics of teaching when saint concept and saint image in the DaoDeJing are embodied by the special way,which is embodied in being natural and letting things take their own course,being quiet and sinple,being delicate and humble,taking good care of the people and not competing interests.Saint concept and saint image in the LieZi are embodied in not depending on ingenuity,pushing towards the void and holding fast to quietness and taking no action,being full of insight and so on.Saint in the ZhuangZi is divided into two categories,namely be positive and negative.The former is embodied in keeping the moral state of the original and the authenticity of the people and property based on obeying the natural laws.The latter is embodied in having the physical and mental fatigue and brandishing benevolence,righteousness,rites and music.The saint in the Four Classics of Huangdi has the lofty status,which is mainly embodied in putting him in an important position in the process of governing the country.Besides,saint concept and saint image in the Four Classics of Huangdi are embodied in following the heavens and the earth then making achievements for things,moving according to the timing,pushing towards the void and holding fast to quietness and taking no action and approving the name and meaning of things.There is a high status about saint in the HeGuanZi,which embodied in being king's teacher or being with the divine.Saint concept and saint image in the HeGuanZi are embodied in playing people's subjective initiative based on following the laws of nature.Especially,it has high school integration features about saint concept in the article named Learning(????).Chapter? is an inductive research on saint concept and saint image in the legalist school books such as The Book of Lord Shang(?????),ShenZi(????),ShenZi(????)and HanFeiZi(?????).On the one hand,saint concept and saint image in The Book of Lord Shang are embodied in legislating according to the circumstances and folk customs,popularizing the law by setting up the judge,enforcing the law starkly.On the other hand,they are embodied in attachesing great importance to agriculture and war,opposing blarney talk,opposing Confucianhumane,opposing business and artistry.Saint concept and saint image in the ShenZi(????)are embodied in having virtue at first and then possessing throne but he is not to seek profits for his own.Saint concept and saint image in the ShenZi(????)are embodied in authorizing contentions in order to govern the country with the wrist and governing the country according to law and rules.Saint concept and saint image in the HanFeiZi are mainly divided into two broad categories,namely containing Taoist concept of saint and highlighting characteristics of legalism of saint.The former is embodied in not pursuing additional desire,following the heavens and the earth then keeping being quiet,respecting for the law of all things then achieving them and so on.The latter is embodied in legislating according to the circumstances and folk customs but following the ancient,enforcing the law with distinguishing between the reward and punishment,performing harsh punishment,using the practice of the method of testing knowledge,sitting on the throne then manage ministers and so on,which has the characteristics of collection of legalism.Besides,there is sacred minisiter in the HanFeiZi,whose character is embodied in being good at grasping the monarch and king's psychological status and daring to straight to fight in the national crisis.Chapter? is a summary about the present value and enlightenment to build contemporary citizen personality of saint concept and saint image in the pre-qin period.The former embodies as saint is the example of Kings,saint is edge tool of lobbyists and debaters,saint is the pursuit of scholar-bureaucrat.The latter is mainly embodied in adoring rationally and seeking for individuality,learning morality and ability and daring to play,respecting for nature and developing harmoniously,temporizing and paying attention to practice and so on.With the development and integration of academic,saint concept and saint image show the characteristics of the mutual infiltration between school to a certain extent in the pre-qin period.