| As geological neighbors,China and South Korea have a long recorded exchange history of more than ten centuries.Although with changing and complicated relationship between China and South Korea,both countries understand and get acquaintance with each other in a deeper way on long term exchanges in fields of politics,economics and culture.The waterway transportation was established during the period of two Han Dynasties.The land way transportation between the two countries was further developed.During the Tang Dynasty,a large number of Silla people came to learn in Chang' an,the capital of China.The closed relationship between the two countries was achieved during the Ming Dynasty.China has certain national cultural superiorities in the exchanges with South Korea;therefore,South Korea has always taken the advanced culture of China as the model to learn from it.However,in modern times,China and South Korea have experienced and lived through national crisis due to the disorder and strained international situations.It leads to the collapse of the traditional dynamic relationship in Northeast Asia with the core of China,resulting in unprecedented changes on methods and contents of exchanges between China and South Korea.In 1910,South Korea started to establish overseas refugee government to construct the regime entity because its land was taken by Japan.The relationship between China and South Korea was very complicated in the contemporary era.Them chose and joined in two different camps.In which China joined in the socialism camp led by former Soviet Union and South Korea joined in the capitalism camp led by America.The two neighbors with frequent exchanges started to be separated with and opposite to each other.The confrontation between the two countries lasted for nearly half a century,until they established the diplomatic relation in August 1992.The two countries have developed exchanges and cooperation in politics,economics,trade and culture since then.A lot of images of China are found in literature of South Korea due to the long and extensive national contacts between the two countries.The“images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea",the research objects in this article,are products of the changing diplomatic relations as well as the exchanges in various fields between the two countries.Radical changes have been made on creative ideas,subjects,contents and means of artistic expression in contemporary literature developed in special historical background.The literature of South Korea realized changes from"traditional style" to "modern style".There was a remarkable phenomenon in literature of South Korea during this period,i.e.,emerging of works of foreign people and foreign lives.In which China was one of the commonest foreign images.The artistic characteristics and achievements in works of China in contemporary literature of South Korea embodied some unique aesthetic consciousness of contemporary literature of South Korea in development.By taking contemporarily novels of South Korea as examples,O JeongHui published“China Town",the first short story involved in images of Chinese people in 1979.After that,a dozen of novelist such as YunHuMyeong,Jo GeonSang,YunDaeNyeong,Kim InSuk,Kim YeonSu,Gong SeonOk,Park ChanSun,I EungJun,Jo JeongRae andCheon UnYeong published more than 20 short-length,medium-length and full-length stories,about China,forming the unique work groups of China.These works of China can be briefly divided into two types:The first type involves in works describing the living of Chinese people in South Korea,with a small number of works.The images of Chinese people in these works are not representative,and authors often illustrate the cultural psychology of South Korea with images of“the other",such as“China Town" written by O JeongHui.The other type involves in works with background of China.Although no unified group or common guiding principle has been formed,some authors adopt similar writing forms,such as "The Yard in Prison" and "The Sea and the Butterfly" written by Kim InSuk,"Desert of Piano and Lily" written by Yun DaeNyeong,“Love in Dunhuang","Love in Loulan","The Unicom"and“Fragrance of Clouds" written by Yun HuMyeong.In this article,these works are integrated to conduct research and analysis,with the emphasis of contemporary novelists of South Korea on understanding to China and Chinese people,preference of local conditions and customs of China,as well as their homesickness,sentimental mood and imagination to future.When viewing on the Imagologie,the sum of the above mentioned works of China constitute the images of“the other" in the foreign country.However,different from“the other" orientalized in power relationship,dominance relationship and hegemony relationship in western literatures,the "the other" is the product of“imaginaire social”generated when novelists in contemporary literature of South Korea care about another eastern country in an equal and independent way.Such an image of "the other" illustrates that as observers,people of South Korea are inspecting "themselves" Due to changes on political history as well as influences of international relations during the exchanges between the two countries,the behavior that Chinese element is added into novelists of contemporary authors of South Korea shows anxiety,awakening and desire of "the one".The research on images of China in contemporary literature of South Korea is an academic research topic with great significance.With profound connotations as well as close relations between the two countries on history and geology,the works of China become a unique landscape in contemporary literature of South Korea.However,for some reasons,such works are not noticed enough in literature circles of South Korea and academic circles in both China and South Korea.Little research on images of China in literature of South Korea,especially contemporary literature of South Korea,has been conducted,with problems such as insufficient document literatures and lack of systems.It is needed to conduct in-depth research in literature theory with wide historical and cultural background.This is the reason for the author to collect and arrange novelists in contemporary literatures of South Korea about Chinese people and China,as well as summarize them.Today,it is significant to analyze the works of China in contemporary novelists in South Korea with the combined background of“Chinese style and Korean wave”.Literature works embody historical and social phenomena of certain period as well as reflect psychological states of the public.This article aims to illustrate the understanding of modern South Korean on China by analyzing the images of China in contemporary novels,i.e.,the“imaginaire social”of South Korea about China.This topic will facilitate the in-depth research on related literature works between the two countries;at the same time,it will contribute to enlightening the reflection of scholars of the two countries on history and current conditions,so as to provide new ideas and enlightenment for research on modern and contemporary literature exchange history of relationship between the two countries.The research on images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea can be developed from two different aspects.Starting from“the other" in literature works of South Korea,i.e.,China,the research is conducted with the subject of "images of China in foreign literature works".In this way,it makes comparisons on vies on China from South Korean as well as view of nationality of China,so as to distinguish correct explanation from incorrect one as well as goodwill from malice,to take for reference,criticize or reflect.On the contrary,with respect to“the one" in literature works of South Korea,the standpoint of South Korea,this is“research on images of a foreign country in a literature”.It may pay more attention to the reason for "the one" to care about“the other",as well as discuss on influencing relations and ranking relations between“the one" and“the other",in order to reflect the social context,national cultural psychology of“the one" as well as their actual appeals.At the same time,it analyzes if the image of "the other" is the "imaginaire social ";i.e.,if it is in accordance with the understanding on China by the whole society in South Korea.In this way,it tries to interpret the complicated and multiple hidden historical and cultural connotations.Due to influences by various factors such as politics,history,culture and national awareness,two different standpoints are adopted,with differences on research purposes,research fields,research contents or even research results.However,the mutual communication,promotion and complementation between the two researches contribute to the development of the relationship on nations represented by "the one" and“the other",so as to jointly face to the indefinite future of Northeast Asia.The works of China in contemporary literature of South Korea have been spiritual treasures for both China and South Korea due to general and extensive applicability.Based on research and exploration on works of China,both countries treasure and protect the common cultural sources.Both of them talk about the national disasters and mutual stories in the past leisurely.With respect to the common complicated geopolitical environment,both countries take history as the reference to develop a better future.Therefore,it is a significant topic for people of China and South Korea,two neighbors in Northeast Asia.Due to varied reasons such as geopolitics and ideology,little scholar of China and South Korea has conducted research on images of China in contemporary literature in South Korea.Therefore,the author of this article tries to make some attempts and challenges.It is expected that further researched can be conducted in the future,to detect more valuable literature works as well as explore their artistic value and historical value.The works researched in this article involve in the period of 1945-2013,with the end of“Great Jungle" written by Jo JeongRae in 2013,with a time span of nearly 7 decades.There were so many novelists and excellent works in literature circles of South Korea during this period.By taking short-length,medium-length and full-length novels related to Chinese people and China created by authors of South Korea as main research objects and other literature works as evidences or supplementations,this article adopts the Imagologie as the main research method;at the same time,theories views such as narratology,urban space theory and intertextuality theory are adopted,to select more than 20 representative works for research.Generally speaking,the basic research form of this article involves inImagologie considering that this research takes the images of China in works of South Korea as the research objects.As a representative figure for research on imagologie,Daniel-Henri Pageaux defines the image of the other in literature works as "sum of understanding on a foreign country acquired during the literalization and socialization process." It is not needed to start with historical facts and actual statistical data since it is "sum of understanding",to verify the similarity of the images.The "images" in literature works are not pure copy of foreign countries of objective existence;instead,they are phantoms or fantasies mixed with imagination and misunderstanding of "observers".The novelists creating such foreign woks pay close attention to history and culture of "the other",as well as relationship between "the one" and "the other".More importantly,during such attention,the emotion,willing and appeals of "the one"are sufficiently vented and promoted.The Imagologie aims to explore process and rules of foreign works,so as to analyze the social psychological background and the profound cultural connotations.The Imagologie originates from theories of western literature.With significant cultural differences between China and western countries,there is a more definite relationship of "mutually the other" between China and western countries.As geological neighbors,China and South Korea have a lot of similar cultures.Therefore,the imagological theory is not applicable to research on images of China in literature in South Korea as the research on images of China in western literature.Therefore,at the same time of utilizing the Imagologie theory,based on traditional intensive reading of text,this article conducts profound analysis on cultural mentality during exchanges between the two countries in virtue of historical analysis and cultural analysis.It is available to detect more diversified world elements in development and evolution of contemporary literature of South Korea based on the images of China in contemporary literature of South Korea.The article illustrates the works of China in contemporary novels of South Korea on three aspects,i.e.,the images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea,the changes on such images of China as well the characteristics,deficiencies and significance of such images.The Introduction illustrates the purpose of this topic as well as current research conditions and research contents of the academic circles of China and Korea.The first chapter discusses the composition of the images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea.The images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea involve in extensive contents,including three main aspects,i.e.,images of Chinese people,space images and humanist images.By conducting research on awareness and emotion expressed for these images of China by contemporary novelists of South Korea,this article conducts detailed analysis on the historical background of such works,so as to illustrate the significance of the images of China in the works.The Imagologie divides images of a foreign country into Utopian images and ideological images,as well as images between them.In Section One,the three types of the imagologie of comparative literature are utilized to analyze images of Chinese people in a short-length novel of "China Town" written by O JeongHui and a full-length novel of "Great Jungle" written by Jo JeongRae,i.e.,the mysterious and warm Chinese man,the corrupt government official,the showing merchant,the poor peasant worker,the modern intellectual woman and the extremely open woman.The space images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea are included into two time chains:the first one is the time before the establishment of the diplomatic relation between the two countries.The novelists of South Korea built images of a foreign country with imaginations.For example,in“Love in Dunhuang" and“Love in Loulan" written by Yun HuMyeong,two imaginary western ancient cities,i.e.,Dunhuang and Loulan,are described in the two works.Besides,after the establishment of the diplomatic relationship between the two countries,more exchanges between the two countries have been established between the two countries.The China descried in novels of South Korea after field investigation such as "The Yard in Prison" written by Kim InSuk and“Desert of Piano and Lily" written by Yun DaeNyeong connect their spiritual world with a certain space or movement between spaces.Harbin as well as some cities on“the Silk Road" are described in the novels.Such images are corresponding to the remodeling and transformation of the society of South Korea to the space of China.The primary revealing to such phenomenon may hint the way for the space images of China to enter into the spiritual space with images,perception and expression,i.e.,contemporary novels of South Korea.Humanity is a key factor for images of a foreign country,which includes culture,custom and history of a foreign country.Literature is an indivisible part of culture,and it is incorrect to research on literature works taking no cultural context into consideration.The Korean nationality plays very important roles as the intermediary and the promoting force during cultural exchanges between China and South Korea.Therefore,works such as "Farewell,Acrobatics","The Sea and the Butterfly","The Song of Jiali Peak" and "Mutton Shashlik of Jiali Peak" describe the Korean nationality groups in China and South Korea with different living standards.The "Great Jungle" written by Jo JeongRad analyzes some cultural phenomena in combination of conflicts and integrations related to globalization and localization.The“Song of Night" written by Kim YeonSu reveals the history of national killing of South Korean with the background of the“People' s Livelihood Corps" in northeast China in 1930s by taking some historical texts as reference.Chapter Two investigates in the evolution process of images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea with three awareness in contemporary novels of South Korea,i.e.,exclusiveness,truth and comprehensive attitude changes,as well as three expression methods for“the other",i.e.,the changes among metaphor,metonymy and synecdoche.The images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea express South Korea with the appearance of expressing China.It changes with the changes on culture of South Korea as well as relationship between China and South Korea,which does not rely on facts of China.Therefore,the images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea include three layers of significance:imagination and understanding of South Korea on practical conditions of China to certain extent,the anxiety and expectation of South Korea on the relationship between the two countries,the metaphorical expression on self-identification or criticism of the culture of South Korea.Chapter Three analyzes characteristics and disadvantages of novels of China,and summarizes the historical significance and values of works on China in contemporary literature history of South Korea.It is needed to take the complicated and unique“contemporary" context into the research on images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea.At the same time,it is needed to discuss on the experience on China and the literature view of such authors.Times are only the background of China during specific periods,but more varied individualized images of China originate from the specific makers of such images.As the“sum of all social relations",each identity of all individual authors gives rise to the building of images of China.However,according to the author of this article,under the background of the contemporary social context in South Korea and the relationship between China and South Korea,three individual factors of authors are critical:i.e.,individual experience on China,literature style as well as social stratum and political tendency of authors.The experiences on China as well as the inner world of O JeongHui,Yun HuMyeong,Kim InSuk and Jo JeongRae are analyzed in detail.As the active opinion expressers of South Korea,authors represent for certain social opinion trend.Different authors have varied processing methods on the same description object,with totally different images of China in their works.China was known as "DoeNom" by authors of South Korea during early times,which was described as "an old friend";the former implies discrimination and repellent and the latter shows meaning of kindness and friendliness.Conflicts and integrations on cultures of China and South Korea as well as changes and development on relations between them can be reflected by different names.Such "stereotype" highly condenses understanding and feeling of South Korea on China.The stereotypes about images of China,including positive or passive ones,are not the actual conditions of images of China,mixed with imagination components,which can be known as products of desires and fears of South Korea.The images of China in contemporary literature work of South Korea reflect the investigation and understanding of culture of South Korea to Chinese culture as foreign cultural exchanges.However,absorbing,learning and communicating with foreign culture shall be conducted under the characteristic filtering of their own cultures.Such a culture filtering gives rise to internal factors leading to cultural misunderstanding on the other,forming a cultural barrier and misreading of to the other.As geological neighbors,China and South Korea have correlated cultures and long term of exchanges.However,in literature works of South Korea,no definite images of China has been expressed,leading to misreading of images of China such as mystification and politicization.However,it is inevitable for such misreading,which is full of creative significance,and it is needed to treat the misreading in building of foreign images in a correct way.In a view of cultural exchange history,although the description on China in literature works of South Korea is one-sided,the images of China of novelists of South Korea actually reflect imagination and understanding of different authors on China,which promotes mutual understanding.The cultural history between the two countries is a systematic engineering with multiple development and mutual interaction.Contemporary novels of South Korea build images of China;at the same time,images of China participate in the building of“the one" of the culture of South Korea as "the other" in culture.The images of China in contemporary novels are phantoms of culture of South Korea about the other in culture.These images are not necessary to be accurate,objective or real;however,they express culture of South Korea as well as their attitude.They can express the sadness,resentment,desire and anxiety in subconscious of South Korea as a method for self-inspection,self-reflection,self-imagination and self-writing of South Korean under changing conditions and crisis,revealing cultural imaginations and ideology of South Korean.When it is regarded as a whole,the images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea are fabrics composed by different impressions,imaginations,analogy,symbolization,opinions and judgments.The same material may show totally different or even opposite significances with different times and authors.Any specific work related to China is the description of individual experience as well as the expression of common cultural psychological prototype on certain collective unconsciousness layer.With a universal meaning,the prototype belongs to novels of different forms.This article selects representative works of contemporary literature in South Korea for analysis;in addition,it seeks for certain mutual-verifying relationship among different works,so as to abstract to certain universal significance mode.The research focuses on the problem of China in world order,which is actually related to a geopolitical attention.Contemporary literature works of South Korea are adopted as research objects,with the following main reasons:Compared with other countries,adjacent countries have complicated geological and space relationship with China,which leads to a profound influence by China.Therefore,it pays great attention to China.Besides,it has a complicated understanding on China due to some historical events,leading to different and changing attitudes,which shall be noticed by China.Besides,with the emerging of China,the whole world pays special attention to China,especially surrounding countries.China and South Korea has a long history on the relationship,including cultural transmission,fighting,economic dependency and difference or opposition on ideology,as well as increasingly grown folk emotions and changing diplomatic relations.This is the reason that China is praised so much as well as played down in contemporary novels of South Korea.The research belongs to a research on“history of ideas" of South Korea.The study on images of China in contemporary novels of South China is actually the decomposition of the idea of China by South Korea.It analyzes the generation of the images of China in contemporary literature works of South Korea as well as illustrates the overall understanding to China.Based on the research on the idea of China in contemporary novels of South Korea,we can learn that the idea of China by South Korea is greatly influenced by historical relations between the two countries.At the same time,the description on history in literature works of South Korea is also influenced by contemporary relations between the two countries.This research aims to solve the problem of the construction of the subjectivity of China as well as the cultural awareness of China.In order to achieve culture awareness,it is needed to have a clear and rational self-understanding;therefore,it is needed to understand the opinions of other countries on China.By taking images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea as individual cases,this article conducts research on construction of subjectivity of China during the globalization times in a literary way with the Imagologie.Viewing from images of China in contemporary novels of South Korea,there is a large space for promotion of images of China.The stereotype-oriented images of China give rise to great influences in a lot of literature works;for example,Chinese people are lazy,messy and sluggish.In conclusion,there are some differences between the description of China in contemporary literature works of South Korea and the self-understanding by Chinese people.Such differences are caused by historical,cultural reasons as well as interstate relations;in addition,there are some subjective factors.It is necessary to treat and analyze in a gentle and rational way.At the same time,at the same time of making our own sound,it is necessary for China to take the thinking model and understanding way of South Korea into consideration.It is necessary to take possible understanding made by South Korea as well as understand and master the complicated emotions of other countries when facing with the rise of China into consideration,instead of thinking that it has the same understanding as ours,to achieve "hearing all parties". |
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