Nujiang Lisu Language Reference Grammar

This dissertationis a comprehensive,systematic,and in-depth description and analysis of the Nujiang Lisu language.It draws on the principles of language description analysis and on basic modern linguistic theories.This dissertation also takes into account the research paradigm of traditional grammar research.This dissertation consists of eleven chapters.Chapter one:Preface.This chapter briefly introduces the geography and population distribution of Nujiang,explains the situation regarding Lisu language usage,as well as reviews and comments on Lisu language research.In addition,the chapter also discusses the object of research of this dissertation,the research significance,theoretical framework,research method and source of research data.Chapter two:Nujiang Lisu language phonetic system.This chapter describes the phonetic system of the Nujiang Lisu language,including the sound,rhyme,tone system,syllable system,and the system of sound change of the language.The focus is on analyzing the special characteristics ofNujiang Lisu language consonants,vowels,and tones,in order to contribute to more comprehensive conclusions regarding language syllable structures and characteristic and in order to further analyze and describe tone changes,sounds,continuous tone change,and other sound change phenomenon.Chapter three:Nujiang Lisu language morphology.This chapter analyzes composite relations,the overlapping and additive forms of compound words,and semantic structure.It provides explanations for the main word affixes.Chapter four:Nujiang Lisu languagecontent words.This chapter analyzes seven types of content words in the Nujiang Lisu language,including nouns,verbs,adjectives,pronouns,numerals,quantifiers,and onomatopoeia.This chapter carefully describes and comprehensively investigates the grammatical features of these word types in order to lay the foundation for syntactic analysis.The chapter focuses on the research and analysis of the affixes and "sex" categories of nouns;the tense,dynamic,overlapping,nominalization of verbs and the grammaticalization of auxiliary verbs;the nominalization,verb and overlap of adjectives;the overlapping and extended usage of the pronouns;the representation of the number words;the measure and expression of the quantifier and the color meaning;the onomatopoeia.The composition and syntactic function.Chapter five:Nujiang Lisu language function words.This chapter focuses on four kinds of function words in Lisu,including the adverbs,conjunctions,auxiliary words and interjection.This chapter includes a detailed description of:the categories and grammatical functions of adverbs,the grammatical functions of various auxiliary words in connecting different grammatical components and grammatical structures and their influence on the semantic expression,the role of conjunctions in the syntactic structure,and the typological characteristics of the postposition of the preposition.Chapter six:Nujiang Lisu Language Phrases.This chapter focuses on the description of the five basic types of phrase structure in theNujiang Lisu language as well as some exceptional phrases,such as the quantifier phrase,the auxiliary phrase,the azimuth phrase,the same phrase,the connection phrase and so on.Through analyzing these phrases,this chapter identifies and analysis special types of structural relations.Chapter Seven:Nujiang Lisu Language SyntaticComponents.This chapter analysiseight syntactic components of the Nujiang Lisu languagse,including:subject,predicate,object,definite,form,complement,central and independent syntactic components.The research contributes to analysis and understanding of normal word order,syntactic componentsshift change,grammaticalization,and linguistic typology.Chapter Eight:Nujiang Lisu Language Simple SentenceThis chapter conducts sentence patterns and sentence classification analysis to discuss Lisu simple sentences.The research analyzes subject predicate sentences,including verb predicate sentence,adjective predicate sentence,noun predicate sentence,subject predicate sentence.In addition,the research also analyzes non-subject predicate sentences,elliptical sentences,and single word sentences.Chapter Nine:Nujuang Lisu Language Sentence Type.This chapter conducts a descriptive analysis on the form and semantics of four categories of Nujiang Lisu language expressive sentences:declarative sentence,interrogative sentence,-imperative sentence and exclamatory sentence.The focuse is on the role of modal particles in the four types of sentences.Chapter Ten:Sentence Patterns in Nujiang Lisu Language.This chapter studies several sentence patterns in the Nujiang Lisu language,such as comparative sentences,passive sentences,topic sentences,existential sentences,judgment sentences and joint sentences,are discussed in detail.The semantic,syntactic and expression characteristics of these sentences are described and analyzed in detail.Chapter Eleven:Conclusion.As the concluding chapter of the dissertation,this chapter summarizes the viewpoints and key findings of the research.It also establishes the direction of future research.Through descriptive analysis,we gain a deeper understanding of the grammatical features of the Lisu language in Nujiang.The sequence of the basic components of the syntactic structure of the Lisu language of the Nujiang is SOV,the basic word order type is shown as the form adverb before the verb,the degree adverb is preposed to the adjective,the adverb is placed in the verb,adjective.Thus,the placing of the auxiliary verb before the adverb is denied.The word order type of the noun phrase is expressed as the central noun placed in the modifier noun.The attributive is prepositioned in the central language,the adjective is prepositioned in the central language,the deixis is placed in the central language,and the quantifier phrase is placed in the central language.Besidesverbs and adjectives do not have automatic and dynamic morphological changes,but the disposal sentence patterns are developed.The word order of the comparative sentence is placed in the central language after comparing the benchmark.Restrictive relative clauses can be preposed or postpositioned,whiledescriptive relative clauses can only be preposed.From a syntactic structure perspective,the Lisu language in theNujiang highlights topic,illustrating a complex relationship between structure and topic.From the above grammatical features,the Lisu language in Nujiangincludenot only Tibeto-Burman characteristics,but also many characteristics not found in Tibeto-Burman languages.These differences are worthy of further study.