A Study Of Selected Rulers In The Early Qing Dynasty

In the upsurge of the compiling of letters from Shunzhi to the Kangxi years in the early Qing Dynasty,there have been a dozen anthologies of letters,respectively:Li Yu's "The First Anthology of Letters" and "The Ancient Book";Zhou Lianggong's "The new Anthology of Letters�,�The new Anthology of Letters ?�and "The new Anthology of Letters ?";Wang Qi and Xu Shijun's "The new edit of Letters","The new edit of Letters ? " and " the new edit of Letters","The new edit of Letters ?" Chen Mei's " Writing Heart Set" and"Writing Heart Set ?";Huang Rong,Wang Weihan's "Good Letters";Zhang Chao's"Letters from Friends" and "Letters from my Own";Cheng Yuanxun,Wang Hualu's " The Anthology of Letters from schoars in Ming Dnasty".The appearance of them is a literary phenomenon worthy of researching.Inheriting the idea of the writers of the late Ming Dynasty,compilers in the early Qing Dynasty collect letter all round with the strict aesthetic standards of literature and art.the huge number of Ming and Qing literati Letter they saved contains great research value.On the basis of previous studies,this dissertation makes a more comprehensive analysis and summary for these collections of letters' cause of formation,the process of formation and the process of spreading,the aesthetic value of literature,the value of literary theory,the value of literature and so on through careful analysis and summary.The dissertation consists of two parts:introduction and text.The introduction part expounds the source of the topic,the significance,the status and methods of the research.The text is divided into ten chapters,which are discussed respectively to the compilers and their anthology of letters in the early Qing Dynasty from different angles.The first chapter studies the specific reasons for the diverse anthologies in early Qing dynasty from the social and times background.it pointed out that the prosperity of the letter's writing and Publishing in late Ming Dynasty.Under the background of social unrest and reconstruction,various Social thought such as adherents of a former dynasty thought,statecraft thought,business thought,individualism thought and so on promoted the creation of these anthologies of letters greatly.At the same time,the unique creative situation,the prosperity of the book market,the upsurge of anthology and the development of the civil postal service provided a favorable cultural and ecological environment for the formation of the Anthologies of letters in early Qing Dynasty.Synthesizing all kinds of literature,The second chapter analyzed the process of all the letter anthologies from compilation to publishing in detail and meticulously from the aspects of compilers and anthologies.The study about compilers focused mainly on their life story,the motivation and idea of their compiling,the formation of compiling team,the process of compiling,and so on.The study about Anthologies of letters focused mainly on their compile mode,the process of compiling,the process of dissemination,the textual research about existing versions,and so on.The third chapter mainly elaborates source of anthologies of letters in Qing Dynasty.High quality and stable source of contributions is one of the key factors to the success of the anthology.According to the different compilation idea and confined to a specific living environment,the compilers select letters which written during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.They collected letters extensively around the country with several major cities as the center,such as Hangzhou,Nanjing,Suzhou,Yangzhou and Qingzhou.They made full use of all the conditions to find the sources of the manuscripts,such as the letters from their own,fiend,folk collection,the other's anthology,solicit contributions,submission,contribution,and so on.From the perspective of text analysis,the fourth chapter discusses compilers' cognitive about style of letter.Letter is not an original independent style,the literati in late Ming Dynasty just treated it as one of the essay.But compilers of anthologies of letters tried to set a new style positioning by tracing the origin and combing the clues of its independent development.They thought the letter can be an independent style for its highly identifiable,because its origin is distinguishable,its evolution can be tested,its style can be identified.Beyond the view of letter being essay in the late Ming Dynasty,the' compilers in the early Qing Dynasty thought letter is not an important literary genre,it must bear the moral responsibility too besides showing the personality of writer and the beauty of literature.Based on such cognition,they divide the letters into different categories,cut the selected letters,they even comment letters to highlight its literary grace and deep thought.The fifth and sixth chapter is divided into two parts:upper and lower parts,according to different anthologies,the dissertation carefully combing letters and writers information in each anthology,then compares them with all sorts of existing literature data.At last,by the way of synecdoche,the dissertation digs out some scattered text and other literary materials of literature of the late Ming Dynasty and Shows a part of the literature value of the anthologies of letters in the early Qing Dynasty.According to the specific text,The seventh chapter shows the characteristics of "write heart",analysis and summary of various mental states showing in the anthologies of letters in the early Qing Dynasty.In the context of social unrest,the scholars showed some mainstream state of mind such as anger and depression,bleak and desolate,broad-minded and leisurely.Besides,facing the complex real life,some scholars was in the struggle between escaping from reality or enjoying in it,some scholars had a heroic fantasy.Facing the imperial examination,some scholars were keen and some had no choice.The eighth chapter through the comprehensive analysis of letters on literary theory in the anthologies of letters in the early Qing Dynasty,summed up its overall appearance.On the whole,the letters showed criticism and reflection to Late Ming literature.In the theory of poetry and prose,they were on the whole under a dispute about advocating the retro-doctrine and individualism.although some theories tried to reconcile arguments and find other way,but they were vague and immature;In the theory of ci poetry,the rich number showed scholars in the early Qing Dynasty new cognition on theory of ci poetry and positive attitude to write.It was the sign of the rising of ci poetry in the Qing dynast;The novel theories concentrated on the thinking and criticism on the educational function of the novel.The opera theories focused on the criticism and thinking of the opera in the late Ming Dynasty.Scholars in the early Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the educational role of the Opera,and put forward some creative ideas.It was the sign of revival of opera creation in Qing Dynasty.The ninth chapter comprehensively summarizes the literary and artistic attributes of letters itself in the anthologies of letters in the early Qing Dynasty.The letters are free in form and varied in style.Travels,clear and upright prose,Ping Fu are the three most prominent forms and show their own artistic features;All the letters can be divided into five sects:"gong an school","jingling school","Seven-Scholar School","realist faction" and"Scherzo faction",they have their own different artistic styles;There are many forms of expression in the letters such as narration,discussion,description,emotion expression,and so on.By using them flexibly,the letters have formed a variety of aesthetic temperament such as reasonable letter,lyric letter,interesting letter,imposing letter,lingering letter,and so on.The tenth chapter is a comprehensive study of the women's letters.Firstly,the dissertation analyzed the cognition of compilers in the early Qing Dynasty about letters written by woman and the distribution of letters written by woman in different anthology of letters.At the same time,the dissertation made a brief introduction to the key figures.Secondly,the dissertation summarized the ideological content and artistic characteristics of the letters written by woman.The letters written by woman are mainly in the pursuit of the following aspects in the thought:the pursuit of Confucian scholars and hero,The self-consciousness of the feudal moral practice,the emphasis on the talent of literature and art,the importance of affection and friendship,feelings and feelings of life,the confession of love,and so on.In art,the main features of the letters written by woman are as follows:small realm,woman with scholars' heart,moving emotions,exquisite and elegant language,delicate literary style,and so on.Finally,the dissertation has made a certain degree of excavation to the letters written by woman in the following aspects:ideological value,material value,the value of theory of literature and art,and so on.