| Compendium if Materia Medica s a monument in the history of TCM materia medica development,compiled by li Shi zhen,a famous TCM scholar in the Ming dynasty.Since its birth,this book has been praised for its great works and rich contents.The emergence of Compendium of Materia Medica greatly influenced the academic development of materia medica after the Ming dynasty.In fact,when Compendium of Materia Medica was written,it was not all praise.Some ancients thought it was a jumble of doctrines,included a wide range of false medical claims,some modern scholars also take a detour in the process of using the quotations in Compendium of Materia Medica.The specific reason for the occurrence of these situations is the failure to carry out comprehensive and detailed retrospection and textual research on its citations.This study is conducted around the sub-project of "research integration of Compendium of Materia Medica"--"The origin of the citations in Compendium Materia Medica".Through more than 20 years of data regression and accumulation in the early stage,as well as five years of research and traceability of every quotation in Compendium of Materia Medica,the project team finally completed the traceability of all the quotations in Compendium of Materia Medica.formed a data set of more than 2 million words,and realized the item-by-item comparison between the citation in Compendium of Materia Medica and the original.In the face of such a huge traceability results,the problem to be solved in this study is how to comprehensively understand,analyze and deconstruct them.This study is divided into seven parts:preface,overview,author and book,the origin of the citation in Compendium of Materia Medica,analysis of traceability results,discussion and conclusion.The preface mainly discusses the academic status in the history of Compendium of Materia Medica and the academic evaluation of both praise and criticism caused by its huge citation.It points out the academic situation that has been troubled by the citation in Compendium of Materia Medica for a long time,and the necessity to solve the problem of citation tracing.The overview part mainly defines the relevant concepts involved in this study,and defines its connotation and extension.The purpose,significance,applied scientific methods and data sources of this study are clarified.It mainly defines the concept of the research object"Compendium of Materia Medica",the research copy,reference copy and working copy,and points out the concept and category of "citation" in this study.The overview pointed out that the purpose of this study is to summarize the principles,methods and specific steps of citation traceability in Compendium of Materia Medica,focusing on the statistical results of traceability,and analyze the results.The significance and innovation of this research lies in that:on the basis of the literature research of traditional Chinese medicine,combining the bibliometrics method and applying modern computer technology,the qualitative analysis and quantitative research on the traceability results which plays a role in systematically and standardized understanding of the citation of Compendium of Materia Medica.The research background of this study is the author and the book part,through the historical textual research,the application of digital humanities method,systematically combed the life of li Shi zhen and traced back to the completion of Compendium of Materia Medica,summarizing the features of the book,introducing the circulation of the version,analyzing academic value.From the perspective of restoring history,we should have an in-depth understanding of the Compendium of Materia Medica and its author,so as to deconstruct what kind of humanistic,social,economic,academic environment and even spiritual motivation contributed to the birth of this great work.The citation tracing of Compendium of Materia Medica is a long and arduous process.The research team gradually worked out a set of feasible principles,methods and implementation steps in the process of tracing and has carried on the summary,the induction and the analysis.First,a uniform citation traceability principle is established.There are ten principles,involving the division of the difference between the traceability and collating,scope of traceability(for primary citation source,secondary citations no longer traced),citation source selection(selection of li Shi zhen most likely reference literature),backing to the literature expression(distinguish between direct citation,quoted literature),extracting from text("of materia medica "citation for the purpose to cover)and problem solving(with comments),and many other aspects.Secondly,the method of tracing the source is discussed.It is mainly to search the textualized quotations of Compendium of Materia Medica by key words in the massive digital resources of ancient literatures,and then to judge the source of each citation by artificial understanding,reading comparison and relying on the knowledge of ancient Chinese,Chinese medicine philology and bibliography.The specific operation steps include:document preparation,the correspondence between sub-item traceability and full abbreviation of the title,the processing of text tracing in this sutra and other records,the description of the reasons for not being able to trace the source,and the handling of specific problems such as collating,misquotation and other necessary matters requiring explanation of the documents obtained through traceability.Finally,the traceability results are summarized,that is,through five years of long-term efforts,a total of more than 2 million words,more than 1,000 kinds of literature traceability report is completed,and will be published in the form of a book.After clarifying the citation traceability process of Compendium of Materia Medica through the combination of examples and argumentation,this study focused on the quantitative statistics of the traceability results.It is to import the electronic version of all the traceability texts into the excel table one by one,and further extract the five fields of the original annotated literature source,actual literature source,citation source,introduction and the source text of Compendium of Materia Medica.According to statistics,30,201 quotations of Compendium of Materia Medica were traced back in this project,among which 28,610 were traced back to the source,1,591 were not traced back to the source,and 5,157 were annotated notes,thus more than 94.7%of the quotations in Compendium of Materia Medica were traced back to the source.A total of 15,325 citations were cited from the old version,and 14,876 new citations were added in Compendium of Materia Medica,accounting for 49.7%.In other words,nearly twice as many new citations were added.For the old cited books(including:"various medical herbs in past dynasties" transfer from "medical herbs of syndromes","old medical books",and "ancient books of classics"),and the current cited books(including three parts:li shizhen cited "various medical herbs in past dynasties","medical books’,and"ancient books of classics"),the division carried out statistics on the citation frequency of books,and ranked the books with high citation frequency from high to low,and analyzed the reasons for a large number of cited books and their academic value.By integrating the above results,it can be further calculated that the citation distribution of all kinds of books in Compendium of Materia Medica,that is,about 83%of the quotations in Compendium of Materia Medica are herbal and medical books(prescription books are the main ones),and less than 12%are classics and history books.Therefore,a macroscopic view can be established:Compendium of Materia Medica is a relatively specialized,well-cited,informative and reliable work on the clinical study of materia medica.Another focus of this study is the specific analysis of the traceability results.Starting from the content of Compendium of Materia Medica,this paper makes use of the statistical results to comprehensively check the bibliography of citation,deeply analyzes the problems in citation,and summarizes the characteristics of citation in Compendium of Materia Medica.Then,based on this,this paper points out how to better understand and make use of Compendium of Materia Medica.First of all,check the number,title,author,loss and quotation of the books quoted from ancient and modern bibliography in the foreword of the first volume of Compendium of Materia Medica.According to statistics,the Compendium of Materia Medica has a total number of 1012 books citations,among which 38 were actually cited from "various materia medica in the past dynasties",86 were cited from old medical books,128 were cited from classics history,288 were cited from li shizhen’s medical books,and 472were cited from classics history.In the books cited by Li Shi zhen,most of the lost medical books of the tang and song dynasties and their predecessors belong to the diversion(such as 36 Huang Fang,Shen Yi Pu Jiu Fang.Hai Shang Ming Fang,Liang Shi Zong Yao,Jiu Yuan Fang,etc.).The records of the song dynasty and the weft books before them(such as Chun Qiu Ti Ci,Chun Qiu Yuan Ming Bao,Chun Qiu Kao Yi You,Li Dou Wei Yi,Zhou Yi Tong Gua Yan,etc.)and the geographical records(such as the Shu Di Zhi,jing Nan Zhi,Qi Di Zhi,Ye Zhong Zhi,Lin Chuan Zhi,etc.)are also mostly indirect citations.There are no less than 48 kinds of medical books indirectly quoted,and no less than 142 kinds of classics and history books indirectly quoted.Secondly,this paper analyzes the problems in the citation of Compendium of Materia Medica.such as mixed citation notes,multiple citation sources,and man-made errors and non-standard citation,etc.It is pointed out that although most of the citations have indicated the source of the literature,the annotation of the literature is far less strict than that of modern times,in the book often appears the name and the title mixed,the same name different books and the same book different names and so on.Due to historical reasons,a large number of original books of ancient literature have not been lost,and only fragments can be found in other books.On the other hand,even though some of the books were not lost,they were not as they were after being added,deleted and revised by later generations.Li Shi zhen could only quote from many sources,so the citation sources were multiple.Moreover,no one is perfect,and no one is perfect.Li Shi zhen,relying on the efforts of only one person,his children and grandchildren,and his disciples,could hardly avoid human errors and non-standard quotations in the complex and difficult compilation work.Therefore,ancient people cannot be restrained in accordance with the requirements of modern scientific and technological quotations,so as to avoid losing the ancient to the present.At the same time,we should also be aware of the non-standard citation in Compendium of Materia Medica,so as not to affect our study and application of the compendiumIn spite of the flaws,not to mention the problems existing in the citation of Compendium of Materia Medica,a comprehensive and concentrated citation tracing enables us to obtain a large number of citation data,on which we can summarize and summarize the characteristics of the citation of Compendium of Materia Medico.It should be emphasized that the authenticity and reliability of the quotations in Compendium of Materia Medica have always been questioned.Through this tracing,we find that about 95%of the quotations are based on evidence,rather than created out of thin air.Li Shi zhen’s citation processing is also characterized by the reduction of complexity.During the process of tracing,it was found that a large number of documents cited by Li Shi zhen were abridged by him.This kind of conscious abridgment makes the main idea of the cited literature clearer and the style more concise.Mashing and refining can best represent Li Shi zhen’s work in processing and refining quotations.It is also the most important feature of the quotations in Compendium of Materia Medica.The so-called mashing tempering is an index of the original literature after Li Shi zhen’s understanding,to mashing summary.After statistics,there are 161 citations are Li Shi zhen combined several schools of said,especially the jin yuan yi shui school zhang elements,li gao,wang hao ancient medicine theory.When quoting,Li Shi zhen often took into account several authors,summarized and extracted the medicinal property,taste.pharmacology and therapeutic effect,and gave full play to them.This is the biggest change made to the citation in Compendium of Materia Medica.In the past,scholars often thought that "it was a bad habit for the Ming dynasty to reform the ancient books".However,by excluding some irregularities and man-made errors in the quotation,and conducting in-depth textual analysis and quantitative research,it can be known that,Li Shi zhen’s modification of the quotation is by no means a low-level attempt to tamper with it,but a profound reflection of his academic opinions and understanding level,which is innovative to a certain extent and helpful for later generations to understand and understand medical theories.Therefore,it cannot be generalized.To sum up,through comprehensive citation tracing and bibliometric analysis,it can be seen that Compendium of Materia Medica is a clinical herbal work with specialized content,natural history nature and a large number of reliable attachments,and most of its citations are from books with great influence and good quality in the same period.On the one hand,it reflects Li Shi zhen’s profound academic foundation and excellent understanding level,on the other hand,it also guarantees the academic quality of Compendium of Materia Medica,which objectively shows that Compendium of Materia Medica is worthy of the epitome of materia medica in the Ming dynasty.In the future research and application of the Compendium of Materia Medica,scholars should compare the citation tracing results of the Compendium of Materia Medica with them,which will be of great benefit to the understanding and utilization of the Compendium of Materia Medica. |
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