The Study On The Transformation Of The Traditional Chinese Medicine Institution In Modern Time

The introduction of modern western medicine not only brought the heterogeneous medical knowledge,but also changed the medical pattern of chinese society.In particular,the coexistence of two medical systems leads to the comparison and choice between Chinese and western medicine directly.TCM which based on Chinese traditional philosophy thought showed obvious weakness in front of western medicine which combined with the local political.TCM had been squeezed the living space compared with the strong momentum of development of western medicine institutionalization.In order to reverse the passive situation,TCM changed its strategy from the compare between theories of two medicine to the struggle of "abolish TCM”,and it made a series attempt to imitate western system which lead to the TCM institutionalization has been realized.The paper based on the modern transition of the TCM institutionalization as its research object,choosing four aspects including the building of association,the professionalization of the group,the foundation of school education and the creation of hospital to discuss the process of the institutionalization,as well as analyze the factors affecting the transformation.In addition,the article also examines the role of modern nation-building factors in the process of TCM institutionalization to explore the relationship between medicine and the state.The main body of the article consists of three parts: introduction,text and conclusion.The main body includes the first,second,third and fourth chapters.The first chapter is the institutionalization of modern Chinese society,mainly including the mode of medical treatment and communication,the investigation of self-organization among the traditional folk groups which including “on-site doctor”and “roving doctor”,presents the individuality and decentrality in medical activities.TCM has always been treated as the category of "technology",doctors' level is largely decided by the medical skill which leads to a secret psychological in treatment.With thedevelopment of TCM theory,a new communication mode has been build by the argument in the Jin-Yuan Dynasty which not only deepen the communication between the medical groups,but also greatly promote the development of TCM.Although the establishment of the school provided the condition for the doctors,because of the lack of institutional guarantee to maintain activity,which caused phased and chaotic in communication.The professional organization founded in Ming Dynasty which represented the awakening of the group.In addition,western medicine community system provides a blueprint to TCM institutionalization,especially on the creation of Chinese Medical Association which open the prelude to the development of TCM institutionalization,and its operating mechanism lay the foundation of TCM institutionalization.The publication of The China Medical Journal provided a new platform to exchange the knowledge.Under the influence of the western community institutionalization,the number of Chinese communities had been established.The article selects three communities which play a major role in the process of institutionalization to analyze,including Chinese and Western Medical Research Community,China Pharmaceutical Association and Shanghai Medical Community.The organization mode and its operation mechanism play an important role in the process of institutionalization,especially the change of organizational structure represents the change of the concept of community.With the confront of “abolish TCM”,some communities has changed and restructured.The article will analyze on the shape of the value through surveying the change of the aim which coupling with the change of mode.Besides,as the mouthpiece of community,medical journal embodies the group's value.On the basis of the analysis of the contents,the article wants to compare with its aims,and analyzes the respective role on the struggle.The second chapter mainly discusses the appeal of Chinese medicine group to the professionalization of TCM institutionalization.The professional identity of official group followed the strict rules,such as the talent selection system,evaluation system and system of rewards and penalties,and they aresubject to a special medical institutions.To this extent,the professionalization is more perfect to official medical groups.The state has long been absent in its management in view of the individuality,decentralization and confidentiality of the folk medical groups,and the folk guild system has only limited to them.The professional identity of the vast majority of folk groups is from the public's recognition of their medical skills.The behavioral norms of them are basically realized by the self-discipline.The Confucian virtue value is universal in the ancient society,and the medical treatment is labeled as "benevolence",and the medical ethics standard based on virtue value is found in all kinds of medical books.The medical missionaries are the predecessor to professional doctors,with the development of the missionary enterprise,the missionary and medical activity were separated,and the professional doctors with medical degree became the main practitioners of medical missionary activities.In order to meet the needs of Chinese for western medicine,the cultivation of local western doctors is on the agenda,and the professionalization process of western medicine group is officially started.As a profession,doctor can not only relieve the suffering people,but also relate to the revival of the nation and bear the burden of the nation health.The reorientation of western medicine group is a deeper understanding of the connotation and responsibility of doctors' profession.Company with the professionalization of western medicine,the TCM was struggling for legal right,and the Chinese medicine ordinance was enacted by provisional rules and administration.The professionalization of chinese medical group achieved more important results.The third chapter focuses on the institutionalization of TCM education.Firstly,the author summarizes the mode of education and the talent cultivation in ancient time.TCM education is divided into official and mentoring mode,though the official education institutions had been build in the Southern and Northern Dynasties,and the admission system,departmental system and examination system became more and more standardization,the mentoring teaching mode was never abandoned.Moreover,in view of the limitations of training the number of talents,the mentoring mode is the main content of traditional education.Because of the individuality and liquidity,there is lack of information for the folk doctors,so we can only grasp the types and characteristics of mentoring.In particular,the article analyzes in detail on the tacit knowledge and mentoring mode.On the one hand to indicate the mentoring plays an important role in education,on the other hand to explore the weakness of schooling.The decline of TCM in modern times was largely caused by political factors,especially the helplessness in the plague lead it to lose power in the national health system.At last TCM was excluded completely from the public health system in the Republic of China.The public health originated from the western became the mainstream,in order to achieve the civil health care,the national government put forward to create the concept of public medical service and build medical university to cultivate public health talents.In order to eave the situation,TCM strove to the legal right of education as well as tried to build schools to cultivate talents.The establishment of the central medical institute and the TCM committee marked the implementation of the administrative system of TCM.The struggle for the legal right makes the regulations which allows TCM to the education system has been confirmed.The struggle for TCM education legal right obtained phased victory.The fourth chapter mainly discusses the institutionalization of modern Chinese hospital.Firstly,the author analyzes the relationship between doctors and patients and traditional public medical organizations and social relief through inspecting the traditional "family" style of diagnosis and treatment.Secondly,summarizing how the modern church hospital is accepted by chinese people by the analysis of the national imagination to the alien space and the permeating from “family” style to hospital.This paper analyzes the transformation of modern Chinese hospital system in the diagnosis and treatment space,starting with the application of the regulation in hospital mode and the health system as the core of the hospital system.Finally,the medical school established by John Glasgow Kerr aimed to cultivate studentsfor meeting the medical needs.That is,the establishment of the hospital system to promote the development of the school system.But the relationship between the two seems to be reversed in the process of TCM institutionalization.The legal right of TCM education is core of institutionalization,and the nation stipulated that build medical schools should based on the hospital.So the establishment of hospital had two meanings,one is providing medical treatment,one is obtaining the legal right.In this sens,the medical school is based on the hospital.With the deepening of medical institutionalization,the relationship between hospitals and schools is becoming more and more close,and there is a tendency to promote each other.The conclusion summarizes the reasons for the modern transformation of the TCM institutionalization,named double dynamic mechanisms.Generally,the institutionalization of disciplines has two kinds of dynamic mechnisms,authority and power system,which exist in the institutionalization at the same time.The difference between them is that the power system represents the offical which is legal and mandatory,whereas institutionalized authority is not mandatory,represents the system internal members of the general will.The impetus mechanism for promoting the TCM institutionalization includes the transplantation of western medicine system and the formulation of national public health system policy.In particular,the localization of the western medical system has a direct impact on the TCM institutionalization,and the combination with politics makes the obstruction in the progress.Political authority influence on the development of the medical system in ancient China,especially the imperial power politics played a guiding role,and even the establishment of the TCM system is to meet the demands of the imperial power class.With the reform demands increasing,the public health system construction is on the agenda.In view of the disadvantage of TCM in community prevention,as well as the national strip away the political goals of old ideas,the TCM lost power and influence in the national health care system.TCM had been excluded from the nationalpublic health system which directly motivates the reform force.The modern transformation of TCM institutionalization is essential,and it is not inheritance development of the original system.The TCM institutionalization is a revolutionary change.