The Influence Of Dietary Patterns In Pregnancy And Cytokines On The Growth Of Offspring From Birth To 1 Year Old

BackgroundMother is the provider of fetal nutrition.Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is particularly important.'Dietary pattern' in pregnancy analyzes the whole dietary status and is more feasible to provide a rational diet to people.Few researches have studied the effects of maternal dietary patterns on the long-term growth of offspring and the results are inconsistent due to their small sample and the different confounding factors.Maternal different diet will cause the change of maternal and fetal cytokines.Whether the changes will affect birth outcome and predict the infant growth in the future,it is great significant.At present,few studies have been reported.Effects of dietary patterns and cytokines on the growth of offspring and the relationship between the three factors need to be further studied.ObjectiveOur study arms to explore the effects of maternal dietary patterns and their cytokines on the growth of offspring and the association of the three factors.The results will help to know how the diet and cytokines regulate the growth of offspring and provide theoretical basis for pregnant women to choose food reasonablyMethodsA total of 469 pregnancy women and their offspring were recruited in the cohort study.Basic situation of pregnant women was recorded by questionnaire,and 24 hours of dietary survey was conducted for 3 days.The blood of pregnant women and umbilical cord blood were collected,and detected the levels of adiponectin(APN),IL-6,IFN-? and blood lipids and glucose.At 0,1,3,6,12 month old,we measured the baby's weight and length and computed BMI and their Z scores.The analysis of dietary patterns used factor analysis;path analysis was used to detect relationships between dietary patterns,levels of cytokines and growth of offspring.Results1.Four dietary patterns were identified in pregnant women:the FDP(mainly fruit,dairy and poultry);the VBP(mainly vegetable,bean and pork);the FS(mainly fish and shrimp,soup);the TE(mainly tuber and egg).2.Effect of dietary patterns on maternal health:the VBP pattern increased reasonable weight gain and serum glucose but decreased IL-6 level.The FDP pattern increased the LDL-c and blood glucose levels.The FS pattern increased serum TC level.3.Effect of dietary patterns on fetal outcome:both the FDP and FS pattern increased the birth weight and length.But they were the risk factor for large for gestational age.The PE pattern decreased birth weight and birth length.Path analysis showed that the VBP pattern had indirect and positive effect on birth weight4.Effect of dietary patterns on infants' anthropometric parameters:the VBP pattern had positive effects on the infants' weight.The FDP pattern increased the infant weight in the early(0-3 months),but decreased in the later(6-12 months).The FS pattern had indirect and positive effect on the infants' weight and length.The TE pattern was a weak,indirect and negative effect5.The relationship between dietary patterns and cytokines:the FDP pattern increased maternal IFN-? and decreased maternal and fetal IL-6.Both the VBP and FS pattern increased maternal IL-6.The TE pattern decreased maternal APN.6.The effect of cytokines level on fetal health:maternal IL-6 level decreased fetal birth weight and was a risk factor of SGA.Fetal APN level increased birth weight and length and was a protective factor of SGA,LGA.7.The effects of cytokines on infants' anthropometric parameters:for every 1?g/ml increment of the fetal APN level,the weight,length and BMI Z scores increased by 0.008,0.006,0.008.Maternal APN had an indirect,positive effect through fetal APN.Maternal IFN-? had direct,positive effect on infants'weight and height in the early and indirect effect in the later.8.The role of cytokines:maternal IL-6 mediated the effects of FDP and VBP pattern on the birth weight.Maternal IFN-y mediated effects of FDP on the infants' weight and length and of VBP pattern on the length.Maternal and fatal APN mediated the effect of TE pattern on the infant growth.Conclusion1.Four dietary patterns are identified in pregnant women:the FDP,the VBM,the FS and the TE pattern.2.Maternal dietary patterns have direct or indirect effect on the growth of offspring from birth to 1 year old.The order of positive effect on maternal health and growth of offspring is VBP or FDP>FS>TE.3.For every 1?g/ml increment of the fetal APN level,the weight,length and BMI Z scores increase by 0.008,0.006,0.008 from birth to 1 year.4.APN,IL-6,IFN-y play an important mediation in the effect of maternal diet on growth of offspring.Maternal/fetal IFN-? may be beneficial to the growth of offspring.But high level of maternal IL-6 is a harmful factor.