Effects Of Luteolin On Quails And Its Mitigation Of Liver And Kidney Injury Induced By Inorganic Mercury

Mercury is a toxic substance that exists in the environment.With the intensification of environmental pollution and the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization,the phenomenon of mercury pollution has become increasingly serious.The chemical name of luteolin?Lut?is 3',4',5,7 four hydroxyflavone,which is widely found in vegetables,fruits,herbs,and other natural plant,and with low toxicity,no mutagenicity,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and other biological effects.In this study,quails were used as the research object,and different doses of Lut were added to the quail feed to study its effects on quail growth performance and liver and kidney function;and this study established a model of quail mercury chloride poisoning to study the therapeutic effect of Lut on quail liver and kidney damage caused by Hg Cl₂.They provided theoretical basis and scientific basis for the widespread application of Lut in veterinary clinics,the prevention and control measures of inorganic mercury poisoning,and the protection of animal-derived food safety.The experiments are designed as followed:?1?The effects of Lut on growth performance and liver and kidney function of quails:The21-day-old old male quails were randomly divided into four groups:control group,Lut low dose group?200 mg/kg?,Lut medium dose group?400 mg/kg?and Lut high dose group?800 mg/kg?.The average daily gain?ADG?and feed ratio?F/G?of quails were calculated weekly.After the last weighing,the red blood cell?RBC?,white blood cell?WBC?and hemoglobin?Hb?levels were measured.The liver and kidney were dissected and weighed to calculate the organ index.The content of serum total protein?TP?,albumin?ALB?,total cholesterol?TC?,triglyceride?TG?,creatinine?CREA?,and uric acid?UA?as well as the activity of aspertate aminotransferase?AST?,and alanine aminotransferase?ALT?were measured.The content of malondialdehyde?MDA?and glutathione?GSH?and the activity of superoxide dismutase?SOD?in liver and kidney homogenates were detected by kit.The results showed that t the content of TP,ALB,and GSH,as well as the activity of SOD in liver and kidney of quails increased with the increase of Lut dosage,but there was no significant difference compared with the control group?p>0.05?,while F/G,the content of TC,TG,CREA,UA,and MDA in liver and kidney,as well as the the activity of ALT and AST of quails decreased with the decrease of L dosage,but there was no significant difference compared with the control group?p>0.05?.The levels of RBC,Hb,and WBC and the organ indexes of liver and kidney in each experimental group were not significantly different from th ose in the control group?p>0.05?.?2?The establishment of Hg Cl₂-induced liver and kidney injury model in quails:The21-day-old male quails were randomly divided into four groups:control group?normal saline?,Hg low dose group?2 mg/kg?,Hg medium dose group?4 mg/kg?and Hg high dose group?8 mg/kg?.Then the quails were weighed fasting weight and feed intake weekly.After the last weighing,RBC,WBC and Hb levels were measured.The liver and kidne y were dissected and weighed to calculate the organ index.The activity of AST and ALT and the content of CREA and UA were detected.MDA and GSH contents and SOD activity in liver and kidney homogenate were detected by kit.Another part of the liver and kidney was used to make paraffin sections and observe the morphology of the liver and kidney.The results showed that the weight gain,food intake,RBC and Hb levels,GSH content in liver and kidney,SOD activity in liver and kidney decreased with the increase of Hg Cl₂ dose,and the above indexes in the middle dose and high dose Hg groups were significantly lower than those in the control group?p<0.05?.However,WBC level,CREA,UA,MDA content of liver and kidney,index of liver and kidney,AST and ALT acti vity increased with the increase of Hg Cl₂ dose,WBC level,CREA,UA,MDA content of liver and kidney,AST and ALT activity of middle dose group and high dose group of Hg were significantly higher than those of control group?p<0.05?,liver and kidney index of Hg high dose group were significantly higher than those of control group?p<0.05?.Combined with histopathological observations showed that Hg Cl₂ can induce liver and kidney injury in quails in a dose-dependent manner.?3?The effect of Lut on Hg Cl₂-induced growth decline and liver and kidney injury in quails:21-day-old male quails were randomly divided into four groups:control group?normal saline?,Lut group?800 mg/kg Lut?,Hg group?6 mg/kg Hg Cl₂?and Hg+Lut group?6 mg/kg Hg Cl₂+800mg/kg Lut?.The experimental period was 84 days.Then the quails were weighed fasting weight and feed intake weekly.After the last weighing,RBC,WBC and Hb levels were measured.The liver and kidney were dissected and weighed to calculate the organ index.The activity o f AST and ALT and the content of CREA and UA were measured.The content of MDA and GSH and the activity of SOD in liver and kidney homogenate were detected by the kit.Part of the liver and kidney tissues were used to make paraffin sections and observe the morphology of liver and kidney tissues.q PCR was used to detect protein kinase B?Akt?,nuclear factor E2 related factor 2?Nrf2?,heme oxygenase-1?HO-1?,quinone oxidoreductase 1?NQO1?,multidrug resistance-associated protein 2?Mrp2?,B-cell lymphoma/leukemia gene xl?Bcl-xl?,Bcl-2-associated X protein?Bax?,p53,nuclear factor-?B?NF-?B?,tumor necrosis factor-alpha?TNF-??,interleukin-6?IL-6?,and interleukin-1??IL-1??.Western blot was used to determine the protein expression level of Akt,Nrf2,NF-?B,and TNF-?.The results showed that compared with Hg group,weight gain,intake,RBC and Hb levels,GSH content in liver and kidney,SOD activity in liver and kidney were significantly increased?p<0.05?,while WBC level,CREA,UA,MDA and Hg content in liver and kidney,AST and ALT activities were significantly decreased?p<0.05?.Combined with histopathological observation,Lut could alleviate Hg Cl₂-induced liver and kidney injury in quail.The results of q PCR and western blot showed that the expression levels of oxidative stress-related m RNA?Akt,Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1?,apoptosis related m RNA?Bcl-xl?,Mrp2 m RNA and oxidative stress-related protein?Akt and Nrf2?were significantly higher in the Hg+Lut group than in the Hg group?p<0.05?,while the expression levels of m RNA?NF-?B,TNF-?,IL-6 and IL-1??,apoptosis related m RNA?Bax and p53?and inflammation related protein?NF-?B and TNF-??were significantly lower in the Hg+Lut group than in the Hg group?p<0.05?.In summary,Lut has no negative effects on growth performance,liver and kidney functi on of quail and had no toxin side effects on the body.Hg Cl₂ can reduce the body weight and feed intake of quail,and induce liver and kidney injury.Lut can improve the growth performance of quail caused by Hg Cl₂;and can reduce the oxidative stress induced by Hg Cl₂,then reduce the apoptosis and inflammatory response,and promote the excretion of Hg²⁺in the liver and kidney,so as to relieve liver and kidney induced by Hg Cl₂.