Species Diversity,Taxonomy And Phylogeny Of Ganoderma

Ganoderma P.Karst.is the type genus of Ganodermataceae which is distributed all over the world.It has been regarded as a high-profile mushroom with 2000 years medicinal history in China.Some Ganoderma species are also important forest pathogens,which caused wood decay and economic losses.In addition,Ganoderma can degrade lignocellulose as a kind of white rot fungi.Therefore,the economic value,ecological value and scientific research value of Ganoderma make it became the research hotspot of fungi scholars at home and abroad.Although there are many taxonomy studies on Ganoderma and lots of Ganoderma species were described,at present,there are 449 records of Ganoderma in Index fungrum,many invalid names and homonyms existence.There are many disputes about the taxonomy and phylogeny of Ganoderma.Species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Ganoderma need to be carried out in depth.Based on more than 1000 materials obtained worldwide including:Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa and Oceania,the species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Ganoderma in the world were studied by macroscopic and microscopic morphological observation and molecular phylogeny.Combining with previous research results,there are 131 Ganoderma species in the world and 23 species in China.In this study,40 species of Ganoderma were described,including 3 published new species and 5 unpublished new species.The suitable morphological classification characteristics of this genus were established:the shape and size of the basidiocarps,laccate or non-laccate surface,stipitate or sessile,size of the pores and color of the pore surface,shape of the pellis cells,shape and size of basidiospores,and ornamentation of the inner wall.583ITS,445nLSU,490EF1-?,385mtSSU,237?-tubulin,325RPB2,483nSSU sequences were generated in this study,and used these 7 DNA sequences to construct phylogenetic trees respectively.ITS+E1-?+RPB2,ITS+nLSU+EF1-?+mtSSU+(3-tubulin+RPB2+nSSU datasets were also used in the phylogenetical analyses to discuss the relationships within the genera and related genus.The results showed that ITS,EF1-a and RPB2 are suitable for interspecific differentiation in Ganoderma.Phylogenetic tree based on 7 sequences can better reflect the interspecific relationships of Ganoderma and its related genera.It showed that the genus Ganoderma can be roughly divided into four main Clades.Clade ? divided into four branches A,B,C and D to discuss,and the non-laccate species expect for G.hoehnalianum are all concentrated in this clade;Clade ? divided into E and F branches for discussion;Clade ? has only one species.It is an unpublished new species collected from Sichuan Province;Clade ? is the branch include the type species.The phylogenetic branches of Ganoderma and other genera of Ganodermatacea did not get high support,this study does not support the monophylety of Ganoderma.We found that the laccate species and non-laccate species of Ganoderma can not be separated completely from phylogenetic trees,but it's almost the same in every branches,guessing the possible evolutionary trends within the genus is:laccate to non-laccate.There was no significant correlation between phylogenetic relationships and geographical distributions.G.magniporum?G.shandongense?G.colossus?G.subresinosum and G.tsunodae get more evidences show that they do not belong to Ganoderma.