| It has been more than 100 years since the theory of “Garden City” was raised by Sir Ebenezer Howard.The past 100 years not only have been the 100 years witnessing the fastest urbanization and the most urbanization theories,but also have been the most prominent “city diseases”.During the urbanization process,a series of problems,including environmental pollution,tragic congestion,waterlogging,heat island effect and loss of partial habits,have exerted a seriously negative influence on urban and rural development.It has become an imperative to attach great importance to landscape ecological issues propping up during the rural and urban planning and construction process.However,the current urban and rural planning theories focus too much on urban and rural spatial patterns and layouts,bug ignore research of urban and rural landscape ecological issues.Consequently,position of landscape ecological construction is not highlighted in the urban and rural planning process.It seems landscape ecological construction is only confined to the role of environmental protection.Its role of regulating and maintaining stability and health of urban and rural ecological system is not really put into full play.Concerning the above problem,this paper proceeds from the social background behind the generation of the theory of garden city and the influence of evolution of core concepts and theories on the modern urban and rural planning,analyzes typical “Garden City”planning models and strategies both at home and abroad,and summarizes six implications for garden city construction.Besides,this paper also examines garden cities from multiple perspectives,and boils down characteristics of garden cities into favorable environment and ecology,proper space scale,garden landscape pattern,urban and rural coordinated development,efficient economic operation,harmonious and sound development of society.Based on these characteristics,the garden city picture is drawn at an attempt of providing clear guidance for garden city construction.Finally,characteristics of garden cities and the garden city picture are adopted as evaluation indexes of garden cities to build a modern garden city evaluation index system with the modern garden city as the objective layer,six characteristics as the characteristic layer and the 29 indexes as the index layer.Analytic hierarchy process is adopted to confirm the weight of evaluation indexes.The evaluation system is applicable to horizontal comparison of different garden cities and longitudinal comparison of the same garden city in different periods of time.Second,this paper comprehensively analyzes the resource environment,landscape background and landscape type of CPC Working Committee of Yangling Agricultural Hi-Tech Industries Demonstration Zone(hereinafter abbreviated as “Yangling Demonstration Zone”).The author comes to the conclusion that Yangling Demonstration Zone has a profound farming culture and its topography is referential to research of the garden city landscape ecological model in small-and medium-sized cities in arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Besides,the convenient transportation increases the connection between Yangling Demonstration Zone and the surrounding cities.Last but not least,abundance of the local natural resources,population size and regional landscape structure have all laid the foundation for its development into a garden city.Third,the landscape index analysis is adopted to study the landscape pattern evolution in Yangling Demonstration Zone,based on which evolution characteristics and development trends of various landscape types in Yangling Demonstration Zone from 1997 to 2015 are summarized.Following that,factors(including policy factors,economic factors,population factors and planning factors)and driving mechanisms(including model innovation driving,method innovation driving,institutional innovation driving and technical innovation driving)influencing evolution of landscape patterns are examined.In this chapter,basic conditions of city garden construction in Yangling Demonstration Zone are clarified;the landscape pattern status is analyzed;and the internal connection between the landscape ecological model and the landscape ecological planning as well as key planning aspects is pointed out.Fourth,the basic language,constitution,model characteristics and application types of the typical landscape ecological models are commented.“Plaque,corridor,matrix and network” are confirmed to be the basic language and content of urban and rural landscape,which are then coupled with garden cities.Characteristics,functions and applications of garden cities in terms of “plaque,corridor,matrix and network” are analyzed.Because of differences of structures and functions of landscape elements under different scales,the suitable landscape ecological model might also differ.In this paper,the garden city landscape ecological model is built from the scale of large,medium and small.To be specific,in terms of the large scale or the “urban-rural scale”,green rings,green networks and farmland matrixes are embedded.In terms of the medium scale of the medium scale or the “urban scale”,the green corridors,green islands,road and water networks are well matched.In terms of the small scale or the street scale,the green plaques,green wedges and neighborhood environment are integrated.Based on the theoretical research and the current resource conditions(farmlands,roads,rivers and other landscape types)of Yangling Demonstration Zone as well as problems existing in its landscape ecology,the landscape ecological model of “farmland—protection forest+river—downtown” is built from the urban-rural scale;the landscape ecological model of “urban forest—green corridor—farmland—community” is built from the urban scale;and the landscape ecological model of “green plaque—road” is built from the street scale.The three landscape ecological models collectively form the landscape ecological model system of Yangling Demonstration Zone.It also provides a new thinking perspective for exploring feasibility of the garden city landscape ecological model.Fifth,the typical landscape ecological planning methods are commented.Planning paths and methods as well as implications are summarized.Then,combining characteristics and picture of garden cities,the author comes up with six basic principles of garden city landscape ecological planning and divides the garden city landscape ecological planning path into four periods and nine steps.According to principles and paths of the garden city landscape ecological planning,the garden city landscape ecological planning method featuring the logical system of “identifying the ecological security pattern—planning the landscape ecological pattern—building the landscape ecological system” is put forward.In the course of garden city construction,targeted landscape ecological models and planning methods,and scientific,comprehensive and effective planning and guarantee system are indispensable.Finally,this paper interprets the urban-rural integration types,reflects on shortages and difficulties of urban-rural integrated planning,summarizes the urban-rural integrated planning system(namely: regional planning—panoramic planning—township planning—rural planning),and comes to the conclusion that integration between the garden city landscape ecological planning and the existing urban-rural integrated planning system is a supplement and improvement of the existing planning system.Besides,this paper also builds the garden city landscape ecological planning and guarantee system integrating “planning compilation system —planning technical guidelines—planning institutional measures”. |
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