| Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(Omega-3 PUFA)have significant effects in anti-inflammatory,improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,improving obesity,suppressing cancer and other chronic diseases.Natural eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,C22:6)mainly include three forms including triglyceride(TG),phospholipid(PL)and free fatty acid(FFA).The synthetic ethyl ester(EE)is the fourth main form of EPA and DHA.Compared with the synthetic EE type,natural EPA and DHA have higher bioavailability,and continuous exploration is needed to make it easier and more efficient for humans to obtain EPA and DHA.In this study,three representative seawater and freshwater fishes were selected as samples.First,Atlantic salmon was taken as an example.The total fat yield and fatty acid composition of the head,back,abdomen,and tail of Atlantic salmon were compared to determine the target of subsequent studies.Then,three representative seawater and freshwater fishes were selected: bigeye tuna,Atlantic salmon,and big head carp.Their heads were selected as the research objects,and their total lipid yield,different types of lipid composition,and fatty acid composition were analyzed.UHPLC-QEMS/MS was used to analyze the molecular fingerprints of three fish head triglycerides,and multivariate statistical analysis was used to distinguish the three fish species from the perspective of lipid composition.HPLC-UV system and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used to analyzed the composition of vitamin E and lipid molecular profile of big eye tuna head soup micro filtrate.The effects of amount of ginger on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation stabilities of big eye tuna head soup was analyzed.A high fat HepG2 cell model was established to study the effect of big eye tuna head soup(with Ginger)on the viability of model cells,and its effect on total cholesterol and triglyceride model deposition.The results showed that:(1)It was found that the total lipid content of the Atlantic salmon head was the highest(18.28% in head,16.05% in tail,17.59% in abdomen,16.89% in dorsal),and contained the most types of fatty acids(28 species in head,13 in tail,12 in abdomen,16 in dorsal).By analyzing the lipid composition of three typical seawater and freshwater fish heads,Atlantic salmon heads have the highest lipid content(Atlantic salmon 15.67%,bigeye tuna 12.87%,bighead carp 5.61%,P <0.05).Bigeye tuna has the highest PUFA content,and bighead carp has the lowest(70%,45%,24%),while monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)of bighead carp head was the highest(62%,46%,17%).For saturated fatty acids(SFA),the contents of big eye tuna head and bighead carp head were similar(13% and 14%),and the lowest was Atlantic salmon(9%).Among the three fish heads,TG is the most important lipid component(61-86%),followed by PL(9-32%).Meanwhile,among the three types of fish heads with different types of lipids,the content of(EPA + DHA)in big eye tuna head was the highest among the three heads(P <0.05).(2)A total of 208 kinds of triglyceride molecules were detected in three kinds of fish heads,among which 146 kinds were found in bigeye tuna heads,and 90 kinds in Atlantic salmon and catfish heads.The three fish heads contain 28 common triglyceride molecules.The three kinds of fish heads contain EPA or DHA triglyceride molecules and their proportions in total were 72(56.12%),7(22.88%),and 7(5.46%),which were significantly different from each other(P <0.05).Iit was found that from the perspective of the molecular composition of triglycerides,the three fish heads could be completely distinguished from each other.Further analysis of their differential metabolites showed that there were 41 species of big eye tuna VS.Atlantic salmon,64 species of bigeye tuna VS.big head carp,and 22 species of Atlantic salmon VS.big head carp.The main difference between the triglyceride molecule composition of the big eye tuna and the other two fish heads is that the type of triglyceride molecules containing EPA or DHA is different.Compared with the other two types of fish heads,the number of triglyceride molecules attached EPA or DHA accounted for nearly 50% of their differential triglyceride molecules.As for Atlantic salmon and big head carp,only 9% of the differential triglyceride molecules contain EPA or DHA,which means that from the perspective of the molecular composition of triglycerides,the distribution of EPA and DHA in Atlantic salmon and big head carp heads is similar,which is also consistent with the results of the previous chapter.(3)The total amount of vitamin E in the tuna head tang soup is 0.551 mg/100 g.Three isomers were detected,which were ?-tocopherol 0.133 mg/100 g and ?-tocopherol 0.257 mg/100 g,Alpha-tocopherol 0.161 mg/100 g.Meanwhile,Vitamin E was not detected in the big-eye tuna head soup microfiltration.A total of 17 types and 631 kinds of lipid molecules were detected in the big-eye tuna head soup microfiltrate,and their m/z distribution was between 396 and 1659.Among them,PC and TG are the two main polar lipids and neutral lipids.The long-chain fatty acids in the microfiltration tuna head soup are mainly present in two types of lipid molecules,phospholipids and glycerides.At the same time,these two lipids are also the main components of the inner core and outer membrane of the tuna head soup micro?nano particles.Due to the special amphiphilic structure of the phospholipid molecule,the hydrophobic groups containing EPA and DHA are wrapped inside the micro and nano colloidal particles,and the EPA and DHA connected to the glyceride are also located inside the micro and nano colloidal particles.During the processing of tuna head soup,the micro-nano particles with larger particle size have a smaller degree of protection of the smaller EPA and DHA phases and are less oxidatively degraded.Therefore,the analysis of fingerprints of lipid molecules in the microfiltrate of tuna head soup also explained the difference in antioxidant activity from the perspective of material structure.(4)There was no significant difference in the total fat yield of tuna head soup with different ginger additions(P?0.05).The total fatty acid content showed an increasing trend with the increase of ginger addition.When the ginger addition was 30%,the total fatty acid content is the highest.The five main groups of fish head soup are short-chain saturated fatty acids C4: 0.The EPA content fluctuated slightly with the increase in the amount of ginger added,and the DHA content showed a clear upward trend and reached a maximum at 30% of the amount of ginger added.Through a comparative analysis of various lipid oxidation indicators,it was found that the conjugated diene value and peroxide value of big eye tuna head soup lipids showed similar trends,that is,the amount of ginger decreased firstly,and then increased.It reached the maximum value when it without ginger,and reaches the minimum when 20% ginger was added.The TBARS of tuna head soup was analyzed,and its malondialdehyde value continued to decrease with the increase of the amount of ginger,reached the maximum value when no ginger was added,and reached the minimum value when 30% of ginger was added.(5)By comparing different inducer concentrations to the relative viability of HepG2 cells,oil red O staining,and TG and TC deposition,and 900 ?M inducers(oleic acid: palmitic acid,2: 1)were used as model induction condition,and the action time was 24 h.There was a significant effect on the relative viability of high-fat HepG2 model cells whether adding ginger or not.At low dilutions,tuna head soup without ginger had a slight growth-promoting effect on model cells,while tuna head soup with 30% ginger produced slightly inhibited the growth of model cells.At high dilution times,the growth-promoting effect of adding ginger fish head soup and the inhibiting cell growth effect of normal fish head soup were both weakened.The relative viability in different treatment groups were gradually close to that in control group when adding amounts of big eye tuna head soup gradually decreased and the further results showed that the microfiltrate of big eye tuna head soup have exerted no toxic effect on model cells.Hence,4% of the 20 times diluted big eye tuna head soup was used.Big eye tuna head soup significantly improved the TG deposition of high lipid HepG2 cells(p < 0.05).The ginger group was slightly higher than the group without ginger,and the TG effect of the original soup was slightly stronger than that of the micro filtrate.By monitoring the effect of tuna head decoction on the TG content in the high-fat HepG2 cell model within 24 h,it was found that the TG content of the two groups of tuna head decoction decreased from 6 h until the lowest value was reached in 24 h.The effect of the ginger-free group was relatively smooth and fluctuated slightly.The decrease in the ginger group was the most obvious,and no rebound fluctuations appeared. |
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