Research On Ecological Compensation Mechanism Of Shenzhen

The central authorities and local governments pay highly attention to the protection of the ecological environment in recent years.There are some good practices in various places and a series of documents and rules have been issued.The 18th National Congress proposed to promote the balance of economic,political,cultural,social,and ecological progress.The construction of ecological civilization is a very important part of it.The government work report 2018 was also proposed to promote the ecological compensation mechanism of environment.The ecosystem is the environment on which people depend to survive,supporting the development of economy and society,and bringing benefits to human being.The functions of the ecosystem refers to the functions of the internal subsystems.The most basic functions are to organize social production,facilitate the living of the residents,and provide guarantees for economic and social development.They were also called ecological services.Functions depend on structure,which refers to the individual and community of animals and plants that make up an ecosystem and their age and spatial distribution and non-living resources.In the process of developing the economy,it is inevitable to destroy the ecological function and to reduce the welfare of people.Therefore,there is a trade-off between economic development and ecosystem function.It is necessary to sacrifice certain ecological benefits in exchange for rapid economic growth,and then use the accumulated economic wealth to make ecological compensation.The ecosystem compensation mechanism is to make use of a series of policy measures,organizational arrangements as well as the economic and technical standards;to provide appropriate economic incentives and penalties to government agencies,social groups,enterprises and families;in order to make their behavior consistent with economic and technical standards and to ensure the sustainable development of the ecosystem.The complexity of ecosystems,the public attributes and externalization of ecological products make humans usually ignoring the cost of ecology in our own development.It's in the same situation in developed countries and China.Therefore,ecological compensation is both back-tracking and forward-looking.It is necessary to restore the ecological damage in the past and to protect ecology effectively in the future.There must be organic coordination and unification between two parts of it.The last chapter of the paper is based on this theory to combines theoretical and practical knowledge,to introduce relevant domestic and foreign experiences and practices.Focusing on how to establish a scientific ecological compensation system,and to effectively determine the scope of compensation and the standard of compensation,put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions at the end of the paper.Shenzhen,the experimental field of the reform and opening up of China,after decades of development,has become an international city.Shenzhen has a huge amount of population and economy,but the area of Shenzhen city is small,the capacity of ecological environment is limited.Under the national environment of highly attention to ecological environment and with a rapidly development of economy,the construction of a scientific ecosystem compensation system in Shenzhen has realistic urgency,affordable financial burden,and talent innovation environment.It is not only necessary but also feasible to construct an ecosystem compensation system.It has the urgency in practice and it can also provide useful learning lessons for other cities in theory.The first chapter is the introduction of the paper.It illustrates the meaning of the topic,retraces and sorts out the current research literature.At present,there is no consensus on the meaning of compensation for the ecosystem yet.There are three viewpoints:The first is to invest in the protection and restoration of ecosystems in purpose of restoring and improving ecosystem functions.The second is that consumers of ecological services pay a certain fee to the providers of ecological services.The third is that the regulatory authorities impose certain penalties on the damage to the environment in order to reduce the devastation.Starting from the concept of opportunity cost in economics,this paper discusses the ecosystem compensation in a broader sense,including the three viewpoints above.In addition,the researches and the related concept on the main body of ecological compensation,the value of ecological services,the compensation standards,and the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanism are reviewed and discussed.In the end of this chapter,the ideas and methods adopted in this paper are described.The innovation point of this paper is how to determine the scope and standard of ecological compensation,and to construct a city's ecological compensation system more accurately and scientifically.The theoretical basis of the ecological compensation mechanism has been discussed and researched domestic and abroad.The structure of the ecosystem determines the function of it.These functions are useful to people which means it's valuable,but there is no one-to-one correspondence between these values and functions,which increases the difficulty of setting price to the ecosystem services.From the perspective of the existing classification of ecological services,most of these services have the characteristics of external and public products.When determining the value of ecological services,it have to learn from the pricing theory of external and public products,so the value obtained is called the shadow price.Considering that the compensation mechanism is highly applicable in policing,many methods which are used in actual practice are also discussed here.These methods mainly include the marketization method,the alternative marketization method,the conditional value method,and the opportunity cost method.The market-based ecological compensation system in foreign countries established relatively early,providing us with useful experience and inspiration.Some complete approach has been taken in the United States,the European Union,Japan and other countries and regions.Like the collective action and the REDD plans to protect the offsetting and environmental trading mechanisms.It summarizes the experiences and enlightenment of ecological compensation which we can learn from the western developed countries,including transforming ag:ricultural production methods,implementing the ecological compensation model of"technology and substance combination",establishing a justifiable tax system related to the ecosystem,accelerating the improvement of relevant laws and regulations,and making full use of the market and the government,establishing an ecological compensation regional integration mechanism,and playing the role of financial markets in the ecological compensation mechanism.It has a strong reference for completing Shenzhen's ecological compensation system.The ecosystem of Shenzhen City is transformed from rural to urban circumstance.This paper illustrates the five stage of the construction of the ecosystem system in Shenzhen systematically in time sequence.Including the stage before the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone(before 1978);the establishment of initial ecology in Shenzhen(1978-1985);the stage of the construction of economic transformation and ecological area protection in Shenzhen(1986-1992);Shenzhen's high-speed economic growth and sustainable development(1993-2002);the new height of Shenzhen's ecological compensation construction(after 2003 until now).From the process of development,the ecological compensation in Shenzhen City has been transformed from a command and control type which is mainly rely on laws and regulations,to the multiple ecological compensation mechanisms.So it is particularly urgent and important to research the ecological compensation mechanism and propose some practical methods.Although the Shenzhen government pays great attention to the ecological protection in the process of urbanization,the high-speed economic growth is bound to cause damage to the ecosystem.This chapter analyzes the situation,problems and causes of the ecological environment in Shenzhen.From the data of environmental quality such as air quality and urban noise,the current situation of ecosystem is still very severe,the problems are:The regulations of ecological compensation mechanisms are ragging behind,the reference of the system is poor;The ecological compensation model is oversimplified,the scope of policy implementation is limited,and the public and market participation is insufficient;The standard of ecological compensation is unscientific and unreasonable;the ecological compensation policy has not executed accurately,etc.The reasons are:Firstly,the attention of ecological compensation was paid to restoring but not preventing the problems,the attention to ecological benefits is insufficient;Secondly,the theories and researches on ecological compensation are insufficient and there are technical barriers to design the compensation standards and methods;Thirdly,there are institutional barriers in the implementation of ecological compensation mechanism;Fourthly,The lag of the construction of the ecological compensation supervision system has weakened the actual effect of the policy;Fifthly,it's not easy to estimate the value of ecological benefits.The current compensation for ecosystems is mainly based on monetary compensation.Therefore,how to determine a reasonable compensation standard recognized by both the compensation and the compensated parties is particularly important,it is also the foundation of the entire compensation system.Based on the study of various ecosystems,this paper proposes the basis and principle for the determination of ecological compensation standards.It is suggested that based on the compensation standards obtained by ecosystem components,larger factors should be given according to factors such as the population size,structure and currency purchasing power.Combined with the reality of Shenzhen city,the paper introduces the basic situation of the five major systems-forest ecosystem,agricultural land ecosystem,wetland ecosystem,urban green space ecosystem and coastal marine ecosystem in detail,researches the products,services and compensation standards of the above five major ecosystems,and gives relevant calculation formulas and also verify them,which lays a solid foundation for the establishment of a comprehensive compensation system.The last chapter puts forward suggestions for improving the ecological compensation mechanism of Shenzhen City.Because of compensation mechanism involves policy tools and organizational governance mechanisms,and also because of the differences between specific ecological services and projects,the policy tools and governance structures will also be different.This chapter firstly analyzes the characteristics,advantages and disadvantages of the two types of policy tools,and also discusses the measures of improving the governance organization system.According to the appearance of the ecosystem,it proposes the measures to improve the pollution of water,atmosphere,soil and solid waste and proposes the methods and suggestions on how to execute effective protection and restoration of ecosystem.At present,ecological compensation is mainly carried out by the government.This paper particularly points out several issues in the construction of ecological compensation that the decision-making department of Shenzhen should focus on and puts forward relevant policy recommendations and measures,including improving the legislative work of ecological compensation in Shenzhen;managing several important relationships of ecological compensation;increasing the financial transfer payment of ecological compensation,carrying out muti-channel financing solutions;further improving the management system of ecological compensation,etc.These measures form a relatively complete operating system,which is convenient for other areas to refer.