Taxonomic And Phylogenetic Study Of Thripidae From China(Thysanoptera:Terebrantia)

Thripidae,the second largest family of Thysanoptera,includes 286 extant genera worldwide,of which 97 genera are recorded from China.Most species of this family are phytophagous,some of them are important crops pest.However,little emphasis has been placed on phylogeny of Thripidae,the monophyly of most genus-group is not tested,and the relationships among genera are obscure.Therefore,the phylogenetic analysis of Thripidae will play an important role in understanding the evolution of this family,even the phylogeny of Thysanoptera.On the basis of Thripidae specimens from China and other regions of the world,this study is conducted by combining morphological and molecular data.The main results are as follows:1)The distribution of antennal sense cones of 182 Thripidae genera was organized and analysed.The results show that the antennal segment III only has one sense cone;segment IV of Dendrothripinae and Sericothripinae also has one sense cone,but Panchaetothripinae and Thripinae commonly has two;segment V usually has two sense cones,but Panchaetothripinae only has one.Furthermore,the antennal fusion and division are not homologous according to the number of sense cones on segments VI-IX,of which antennal fusion includes two patterns(segments VI and VII fused,segments VII and VIII fused),the antennal division also has two,including segment VI divided and segment VII divided.2)A phylogenetic analysis of Thripidae was performed by 117 morphological characters scored from 112 species in 92 genera,using maximum parsimony with Aeolothrips fasciatus and Melanthrips fuscus as outgroups.As a result,Thripidae is monophyletic group,and the monophyly of Dendrothripinae,Panchaetothripinae and Sericothripinae is supported,but Thripinae is paraphyletic group.The phylogenetic results don't support the three tribes of Panchaetothripinae,but Tryphactothripini species form a clade with Panchaetothrips.In Sericothripinae,the monophyly of Hydatothrips and Neohydatothrips is not supported,which may result from the reason of unstable distinguishing characters.In Thripinae,Chirothrips genus-group,Frankliniella genus-group,Rhamphothrips genus-group,Thrips genus-group and Trichromothrips genus-group are monophyletic groups.However,the phylogenetic relationship among Thrips genus-group is poorly resolved,Thrips and Stenchaetothrips need to be further reclassified.Scirtothrips genus-group is paraphyletic group,and forms a clade with Sericothripinae.Anaphothrips genus-group and Mycterothrips genus-group are not recovered as monophyletic,presumably because the supporting characters have no phylogenetic significance.Chaetanaphothrips,Salpingothrips and Tusothrips are proposed as Chaetanaphothrips genus-group.Amomothrips,Moundinothrips,Smilothrips,Ctenothrips and Sciothrips are placed to Taeniothrips genus-group.Striathrips is included in Megalurothrips genus-geoup,but the relationship with other genera of this genus-group needs further studies.On the basis of phylogenetic analysis,the ancestral feeding habits reconstruction of Thripidae was performed by using RASP.The results demonstrate leaf-feeding is recognised as ancestral of this family,and flower-feeding mainly in derived taxa.3)On the basis of two gene fragments(COI and H3),we reconstructed a phylogeny of 43 species in 30 genera in Thripidae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference with Aeolothrips duvali and Merothrips floridensis as outgroups.The results show that Panchaetothripinae is the base of Thripidae.Dendrothripinae is close to Anaphothrips and Aptionothrip.Pezothrips,Megalurothrips and Odontothrips have close relationships.Thrips genus-group is monophyletic,and it is sister to Taeniothrips.4)Representative species in 97 genera of Thripidae from China were described,the biological habit of them was discussed.New species,newly records from China,new synonym and new combination are as follows:Three new species(Published): Baliothrips sunae Zhang,Wang,Li & Mound,2018,Eremiothrips hanshanensis Zhang & Feng,2017,Stenchaetothrips gaomiaoensis Zhang & Feng,2017.One newly recorded genera from China: Dictyothrips Uzel,1895.Four species recorded from China for the first time: Dictyothrips betae Uzel,1895,Rubiothrips silvarum(Priesner,1926)rec.nov.,Stenchaetothrips bambusicola Mound,2001,Thrips atactus Bhatti,1967.Two synonyms: Organothrips Hood,1940(=Gramiothrips Zhang & Tong,1992);Oxythrips Uzel,1895(=Chilothrips Hood,1916).Five new combinations: Organothrips cyperi(Zhang & Tong 1992),Organothrips longisetosus(Zhang & Tong 1992),Oxythrips hangzhouensis(Hu & Feng,2015),Oxythrips jiuxiensis(Mirab-balou,Chen & Tong,2012),Oxythrips occidentalis(Stannard,1973),Oxythrips pini(Hood,1916),Oxythrips rotrameli(Stannard,1973),Oxythrips strobilus(Tong & Zhang,1994),Oxythrips yamatensis(Kud?,1978).