| The geological disasters occur frequently in China,such as earthquakes,giant landslides,which have caused mass casualty incident.Large-scale geological disasters become the focus and difficulty in the research of emergency management,due to their suddenness,destructiveness,time urgency,high uncertainty,derivative and evolvement.Therefore,it is urgent that we improve the emergency response capability for such large –scale disasters.In order to cope with the serious and complex emergencies efficiently,the Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China was established in early 2018,which has improved the overall coordination for emergency rescources in emergency management.This also brings a series of challenges,such as the optimized allocation of emergency resources,the integration of a large number of different types of emergency rescue teams and so on.In this regard,two main parts in two stages of the large-scale geological disaster rescue process are studied in this paper.The first part is about the regional deployment of the rescue teams,which belongs in the category of emergency resources allocation.When the emergency rescue team arrives at the disaster scene,the rapid and effective realization of the regional deployment of the rescue teams is the premise and basis for carrying out the emergency rescue operations efficiently.It is also an important guarantee to stop the deterioration of disaster situation and reduce the casualties and property losses of the affected people.The second part is about the rescue cooperation between the rescue teams in the disaster-stricken areas,which belongs to the category of integration of emergency rescue teams.After the regional deployment of rescue teams,the rescue team will be assigned to the corresponding disaster-stricken area.The search and rescue is carried out in a fast-changing environment,and the system state changes rapidly.To ensure the timeliness of emergency decision-making,the rescue team needs to make decisions on their own,and determine "whether to cooperate? Who to cooperate with? How to cooperate?" In this regard,the task allocation model in Multi-robot system is used for the mechanism design of cooperation between rescue teams.Two researches are conducted here according to the characteristics of rescue teams,i.e.homogeneous rescue teams and heterogeneous rescue teams.In the first case,the rescue teams are homogeneous,which means all the rescue teams are alomost the same in the formation,and each rescue team can complete a task seperately.In the second case,the rescue teams are heterogeneous,which means the rescue teams are highly specialized,and each of them has its own capability.Thus,one rescue team often can not complete a task separately.Only when two or more rescue teams work as a coalition,can the task be completed.The main contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Research on the regional deployment of the rescue teams.The occurrence of large-scale geological disasters often results in several disaster-stricken areas for its strong influence.However,the human resources involved in the rescue are extremely limited.Each disaster-stricken area's demand for the rescue teams is impossible to be satisfied at the same time.Therefore,it is necessary to consider a variety of factors in order to deploy the rescue teams to all disaster-stricken areas fairly and efficiently.In response to the multiple competing demands of disaster-stricken areas,this paper proposes a regional deployment strategy of rescue teams based on rescue priority.First,the disaster status of each disaster-stricken area is captured through field investigation.Second,the rescue priority of each disaster-stricken area is evaluated.Finally,aiming at maximizing the satisfaction of disaster victims in the disaster-stricken areas and maximizing the utility of allocation,the optimal allocation model of rescue teams is established.The multi-objective optimization model is solved by NSGA-? algorithm,thus it can provide assistance for regional deployment of rescue teams.(2)The simulation optimization of rescue cooperation between homogeneous rescue teams in disaster relief.The rescue cooperation between homogeneous rescue teams is actually about task allocation in a dynamical environment.The rescue team needs to make decisions based on their knowledge,in order to form a coalition efficiently.We have developed a cooperative rescue plan for the homogeneous rescue teams based on distributed auction mechanism,and evaluated the proposed rescue plan through agent-based modeling and simulation(ABMS)and Monte Carlo method.In order to understand the performance of the proposed rescue plan,we compare it with non-cooperative rescue plan and F-Max-Sum-based rescue plan.The result shows that the proposed cooperative rescue plan could improve the rescue efficiency significantly.Compared with the non-cooperative rescue plan in the three scenarios,it increase victims' relative survival probability by 7%-15%,increase the ratio of survivors getting rescued by 5.3%-12.9%,and decrease the average elapsed time for one site getting rescued by 16.6%-21.6%.Furthermore,it performs somewhat better than the well-known F-Max-Sum-based approach in regard to some indicators.Search and rescue programs are evaluated and compared with other programs.Particularly,the low complexity of computation has made our proposed cooperative rescue plan more appropriate for the cooperation among rescue teams in disaster relief than F-Max-Sum-based approach.The robustness analysis shows that search radius can affect the rescue efficiency significantly,while the scope of cooperation has little effect on the rescue efficiency.The sensitivity analysis shows that the two parameters,the time limit for completing rescue operations in one buried site and the maximum turning angle for next step,both have great influence on rescue efficiency,and there exist optimal value for both of them in view of rescue efficiency.(3)The simulation optimization of rescue cooperation between heterogeneous rescue teams in disaster relief.In this case,the tasks are heterogeneous so that the tasks request different kinds of capabilities to complete,and the request could be satisfied by a coalition which is comprised of two or more rescue teams.The rescue teams are also heterogeneous for that they possessed different kinds of capabilities.Therefore,we have proposed a cooperative rescue plan for heterogeneous rescue teams based on a combinatorial auction-based task allocation scheme,and evaluated it through agent-based modeling and simulation(ABMS)and Monte Carlo method.Compared with the non-cooperative rescue plan in the three scenarios,it increase victims' relative survival probability by 13.8%-16.3%,increase the ratio of survivors getting rescued by 10.7%-12.7%,and decrease the average elapsed time for one site getting rescued by 19.0%-26.6%.Besides,the proposed cooperative rescue plan has outperformed the rescue plan based on F-Max-Sum a little bit.Moreover,we have presented an analysis to show how the number of rescue teams influences the rescue efficiency.The result shows that the increase in the number of rescue teams has a marginal diminishing effect on the improvement of rescue efficiency.Finally we have presented the robustness analysis to investigate the reliability of our proposed cooperative rescue plan under extreme operative situations.The robustness analysis shows that the proposed rescue plan is relatively reliable on condition that both the search radius and scope of cooperation are larger than thresholds.(4)The integrated research of regional deployment strategies and cooperative rescue operations.We integrated the regional deployment strategies of rescue teams with the cooperative rescue operations of rescue teams in a case study.The effects of three different deployment strategies on the simulation results of cooperative rescue are studied.The first strategy has taken the regional rescue priority and matching degree between rescue teams and disaster-stricken areas into account.The second strategy has not taken the regional rescue priority into account.The third strategy has not taken the matching degree between rescue teams and disaster-stricken areas into account.The analysis results show that the strategy which has taken both the regional rescue priority and matching degree between rescue teams and disaster-stricken areas into account outperforms the other two strategies obviously.Moreover,the strategy which has not taken the matching degree between rescue teams and disaster-stricken areas into account has failed to make the rescue teams operate efficiently,thus has caused a waste of human rescources,and has created the most serious impact on the rescue efficieny of the entire search and rescue.The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:(1)We have developed a regional deployment strategy of rescue teams based on rescue priority,which is aimed at maximizing the satisfaction of disaster victims in the disaster-stricken areas and maximizing the utility of allocation.(2)Given the lack of efficient cooperative rescue plan for rescue teams in disaster relief,we have developed copperative rescue plan for the rescue teams.And we have taken the structure of rescue teams into consideration,thus we have developed cooperative plan for the homogeneous rescue teams and heterogeneous rescue teams based on auction mechanism and combinatorial auction mechanism,rescpectively.(3)In the traditional researches,the regional deployment of rescue teams is often studied separately.In this paper,we have integrated the regional deployment strategies of rescue teams with the cooperative rescue operations of rescue teams in a case study.Thus we can evaluate the regional deployment strategy through the simulation results of cooperative rescue operations,which is a novel way to evaluate the regional deployment strategy. |
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