Research And Enlightenment Of Polar Science And Technology System In China And Main Polar Countries

Since the 1950s,with signing of the Antarctic Treaty,the governance system of the Antarctic has been gradually improved and standardized.The international polar expedition has entered a new era of comprehensive scientific research from the era of nature exploration.Polar science around the world has attracted wide attention,and the establishment and improvement of a country's polar science and technology(S&T)system has been widely concerned in various countries and put into the main agenda.Polar S&T system refers to the polar S&T research and management of institutional settings,terms of responsibility,ownership and management of organizational structure of the system.Advanced polar S&T system is the premise and foundation to promote the development of the polar cause.In this study,we analyzed the polar S&T systems of representative polar countries such as the United States,Russia and Australia,briefly introduced the characteristics of the polar S&T systems of United Kingdom,Germany,Canada,Chile,Japan and Norway,compared the polar S&T systems of the above coun-tries,focused on the status quo of China's polar S&T system,and finally explored the polar S&T system reform direction of China from the academic and theoretical level.The main contents and conclusions of this research are as follows:1.We investigated the Antarctic and Arctic expedition processes of the America National Science Foundation(NSF)in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the current status of the polar S&T in the United States.A statistical analysis of the U.S.polar research literature revealed that the U.S.has NSF-led diversified polar technology system;the diversification of its S&T brings the diversification of its polar policy.As a superpower in the world of polar research,the United States' polar S&T system directly serves the overall interests of the country in the Antarctic and Arctic regions.At the same time,this system also greatly stimulated a great sense of innovation for the polar science and research teams.NSF supported some large polar research programs as im-portant parts of international research forces,and led the polar field research direction in the world.2.We researched Russian Arctic and Antarctic policy and the status quo of its polar science,and performed a comprehensive exposition of its polar research system.Russia'annual polar research literature volume,the annual number of citations,the main re-search directions and institutions,and other indicators were analyzed,and the Russia's polar S&T system was discussed in detail.As a superpower of the Arctic research,Rus-sia's polar S&T system is a federal government-led diversification system.The govern-ment dictates the development of the Arctic and Antarctic policy,the Russian Academy of Sciences,the St.Petersburg State Polar Academy and other polar scientific research institutions and research institutes are responsible for the specific implementation of the government plans.This system gives the Russian government a great voice in polar affairs,and allows the government to concentrate its domestic resources to carry out polar activities that serve the interests of its country.3.We investigated the Australian polar expedition and polar affairs development and the status quo,elaborated its mode of operation and management system,and de-scribed its polar research focus on the field of Antarctic.By analyzing Australian polar research literature,we showed that Australia's polar studies were carried out around the national interests of Australia in Antarctica.Australia's extensive polar science educa-tion provides a wide range of channels for public understanding of Polar Regions.On the basis of analyzing Australian Polar S&T System,we discussed in depth the cooper-ation model in China and Australia's Antarctic expedition.As a superpower in Antarctic research,Australia's polar S&T system is a diversified system dominated by the federal government;and its government is mainly engaged in macro management and service functions,which gives the research subjects a greater autonomous space.Australia has a sound Antarctic legal system and a mature science education system,and its polar research focused on the development of long-term planning and its current and long-term interests in the Antarctic.4.A comprehensive comparative analysis of the characteristics of the main polar countries'S&T systems showed that their polar S&T systems are well structured,the division of labor is clear,and the corresponding polar policies and polar research pro-grams are generally based on specific national conditions and interests.These countries S&T focus on coordinating domestic polar research and strengthening exchanges co-operation with other polar countries.5.We briefly reviewed China's polar expedition history and polar science research activities and programs,elaborated all aspects of China's polar expedition,evaluated China's polar science organizations and its mode of operation,analyzed China's polar research literature,main research institutions and research directions,examined the dis-tribution of the partners and the status quo of the main fund sponsors,and scrutinized the polar S&T system from many dimensions.China's polar S&T system is a govern-ment-led and diversified management system,and the State Oceanic Administration is responsible for the centralized coordination and management.The Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration and the Polar Research Institute of China undertake specific matters,and the Chinese Academy of Sciences based domestic scientific research insti-tutions to undertake specific research work.This kind of government-led model helps the government ministries to operate the polar affairs,and is conducive to the concen-tration of resources to carry out the polar expedition and research.After 33 years of development,China has become the world's fifth largest contributor of polar research publications,and this laid a solid foundation for the transformation from polar power to polar powerhouse.At present,China's polar reform and development should develop sound policies from the national level.Specifically,in the Arctic,China should actively participate in and strengthen cooperation;and in the Antarctica,China should enhance its own strength and safeguard its potential interests.To speed up the development of long-term polar development strategy,China needs to balance the near-term goals,medium-term goals and long-term goals.We should put the polar affairs into the overall planning of national economic and social development and carry out domestic polar legislation as soon as possible.We should pay attention to the relationship between the input and output ratio of polar S&T,and formulate a reasonable evaluation system.China needs to cultivate a stable polar team of scientific research and attract science talents to both natural science and soft science researches of the polar regions.With a deeper under-standing of the polar regions at higher levels and a comprehensive and deep reform,China's polar affairs could achieve a leap-forward development and realize its polar dream in the near future.